Advocacy in Counseling - 1622 Words

Consultation and Advocacy Bradlee Donahue Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Kathy Blaydes August 4, 2013 Advocacy and consultation have over the years proven to be two equally important ways for counselors to assist their clients. According to research conducted by Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda (2010), there is a positive correlation between the two concepts. For example, both concepts utilize distinct and unique methodologies as a means of assisting clients within the realm of counseling. To truly understand how each method can be an asset for a counselor, we must first analyze the two independently. â€Å"A Consultation for professional counselors typically involves acting†¦show more content†¦Ultimately this will hopefully assist the inmate by reducing the probability of becoming a repeat offender. Not only would this be directly beneficial to the adult individual, but also to a child or adolescent who is now living in a broken, single parent home or in a home without an actual parent at all. Additionally, it assists the family and/or couple as a unit because it is able to fill back in a familial piece that has been missing. Therefore in the end, by advocating for reforms within the system can ultimately work to healthily integrate an individual back into the community, and prevent a negative chain reaction within the family. Another way advocacy plays an important role is with the assistance it provides with reducing social barriers such as race, religion, sexual preference and socio-economic status. Client’s that are subject to such barriers can benefit greatly from a clinical advocate. Models and Practices for Consultation There are several models and practices that currently exist for consultation. For example, â€Å"Collaborating with multiple stakeholder groups and identifying institutional policies that may promote marginalization of vulnerable community members are used by both consultants and advocates to achieve desired goals† (Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda, 2010). Also, â€Å"Preparing for entry into a consultee organization (or clarifyingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Consultation and Advocacy in Counseling1478 Words   |  6 PagesConsultation and Advocacy in Counseling Donna Boyett COUN 5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors August 4, 2012 195 Wayfair Lane Hinesville, GA 31313 Telephone: (912) 980-1231 Email: Donna.Boyett@hotmail.com Instructor: Kathy Blaydes Abstract This paper discuses the importance of social justice advocacy and consultation in the counseling profession. The introduction is an explanation of social justice advocacy, and the different ways counselors advocateRead MoreCulturally Appropriate Counseling Practices And Advocacy766 Words   |  4 PagesCulturally appropriate counseling is important when forming the counselor-client relationship. Also, it is key that the counselor understands the client’s cultural characteristics, and is always in a continual process of self-reflection of their own socio-cultural beliefs and biases. This paper will discuss how generic counseling through the lens of culture, class and language and the how Native Americans/First Nations differ when using these same markers. This paper will also discuss the implicationsRead MoreMental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation and Social Advocacy1997 Words   |  8 PagesWith the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors c an both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally, but also help to make better the world around them. In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling context. Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties. In the counseling context however, we can say that itRead MoreAdvocacy Competences of School Counselors936 Words   |  4 PagesAdvocacy is one of the major roles for professional school counselors. The concept of advocacy is the tradition of professional counselors, but the role of advocacy in school counseling was not valued until the recent times. The purpose of this paper is to give a reflection about the article on school counseling in order to show and describe the advocacy competencies of school counselors. The article was written by Jerry Trusty and Duane Brown. The article was set to provide a structure that helpsRead MoreREVIEW TEST SUBMISSION week 3 Essay example1446 Words   |  6 Pages__________ was established as a self-help approach to alcohol addiction. Selected Answer: c.   Alcoholics Anonymous. Answers: a.   The Alcohol Counseling Center. b.   The Theater of Spontaneity. c.   Alcoholics Anonymous. d.   None of the above. Response Feedback: Correct. Question 2 4 out of 4 points ____ is also called the fourth force in counseling. Selected Answer: a.   Multiculturalism. Answers: a.   Multiculturalism. b.   Humanism. c.   Cognitive-behaviorism. d.   Psychoanalysis. Read MoreEssay about Advocacy for Diverse Clientele1069 Words   |  5 Pages Advocacy for Diverse ClienteleName Capella University Advocacy for Diverse ClienteleOne of the populations that has a lot of culturally diverse individuals is the military and veterans. In veterans there is a lot of cultural diversity with individuals ranging in backgrounds from all over including African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic-American, and Caucasian-Americans. Veterans suffer from a wide range of mental illnesses including depression, PTSD, anxiety, suicide, and substance abuse.Read MoreThe Advocacy For Lgbt Community1380 Words   |  6 PagesDescription of the importance of the topic The topic on the advocacy for LGBT community in schools among the student community is very important. In most cases the advocates of LGBTs have tried to persuade schools to improve their environment. Usually the school environment significantly determines whether the climate in the school is healthy and appropriate for LGBT students to learn in (Goldberg and Allen, 2013). Advocating for this community therefore means that school administrators are likelyRead MoreThe Importance Of Action In Advocacy828 Words   |  4 PagesAction in Advocacy To advocate for the standardization of educational requirements a tactical advocacy framework utilizing Group Formulation is necessary to develop groups with the same goal (Stachowiak, 2013). Choosing group formulation as an advocacy strategy aligns with my leadership philosophy of servant-leadership and ACA value of practicing in an ethical manner. I feel a need to fill a leadership gap and find a way to assist the organization with being an agent of change, even if this meansRead MoreDiversity in the United States1647 Words   |  7 Pagesjustice advocacy is derived from awareness of the issue at hand, the knowledge and understanding of core issues, and the development of skills that enable their client to responsibly find optimum solutions. Through exploration and enlightenment, the clinician can expand their own abilities to be social activists for their marginalized clients. Furthermore, knowledge gives individuals competency to change organizational policies and systems and th e responsibility to take action. Advocacy skills canRead MoreCulturally Relevant Strategies Essay examples1381 Words   |  6 PagesCulturally Relevant Strategies Jennifer Sillaway COUN5336 Counseling and Advocacy with Diverse Populations February 24, 2013 Dr. Kaisha Thomas Aspirations Mental health counseling was not the career path in which I envisioned myself embarking on. Becoming a mental health counselor has many challenges and benefits. Along my career path I have had the pleasure of getting to know a variety of positions within mental health. Finding the definition of a mental health counselor can be defined

Evolution of Monopolistic Competitive Market - 1962 Words

Evolution of Monopolistic Competitive Market Brand loyalty, Generic Entry and Price Competition in MP3 Player Market Introduction In this paper I will reflect the evolution of the monopolistically competitive market and by doing so guiding the concept with an insight of the Mp3 player market and its actors. One of the actors on the Mp3 market is the IPod created by the innovating company Apple. The IPod was realised in March 2004 and was immediately a success. Easy to manoeuvre and with its attractive and appealing look it took the profits from other existing firms and became the current market leader. Looking at the concept and the dynamics of a monopolistically competitive market we can foresee the future for the IPod and other†¦show more content†¦As firms incur in the short run economic losses, its no longer profitable and exits the market. Economic loss in the short run Demand is lower that average cost and the firm is makes an economic loss. This process continues until each firm’s demand curve eventually becomes tangent to the firm’s average cost curve as the graph below describes. The dynamics of Monopolistic competition is whereby a firm’s demand curve continuously shifts leftward as new firms enter the market until in equilibrium, monopolistically competitive firms no longer make any economic profit. Long run equilibrium The absence of barriers to entry implies zero economic profit in the long run. The Mp3 Player Market An analysis of the Mp3 player market shows it has a small number of large firms sharing some market share amongst many small firms. The market has two types of music players in the Mp3 market- branded Mp3 players such as IPod, which are heavily advertised, and then generic (non-branded) players such as the Sweex MP472. The industry is dominated currently by one market leader, Apple’s IPod with an advantageous market share above 70% according to NPD Group Inc (2009). Few have actually managed to rub the leader from its position. Though, this increases the competitive pressures on the rivals of Apple, which are fighting to win a bigger stake in the growing market by winning new customers, expanding new regions and taking market sharesShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to the Potato Chip Industry1397 Words   |  6 Pageseach producing and selling their own products within a monopolistic competitive structure. In other words, the products created and sold were slightly different, so that they were not perfect substitutes for each other. The economic agents as such competed on different segments and were able to implement the prices they saw fit, without creating or sensing influences from the other players in the market. Today however, the structure of the market has changed dramatically, after two lawyers purchasedRead MoreMonopolies And The Telecommunications Industry1590 Words   |  7 Pages Monopolies and the Telecommunications Industry A monopoly that is owned, controlled and managed by the government allows maximum benefits to a consumer even much more that a competitive firm may be able to provide. This is because the government may not harbor any intent to earn profit. As a result, it would provide a good even when there is no profit at a very low price so that the good remains available to the consumer. One such example is telecommunications industry, which is a necessity sinceRead MoreThe Types Of Market Structures1640 Words   |  7 PagesA market structure is where the physical characteristics of the market, where firms interact (). Market structures can highlight the criteria of firms, and express the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assessesRead MoreMonopoly and Quasar1166 Words   |  5 PagesThe neutron uses high speed optical conductors, which is the first technology of its kind to be used in a laptop. Over time many businesses need to evolve to stay competitive and continue to make a profit in the market place that they have entered. This paper will discuss how the Quasar computer company moved through the different market structures over the past ten years and how the pricing and non-pricing strategies affected the company’s growth. During their transition the company faced many obstaclesRead MorePepsi Inc : An American Based Multinational Company Essay1445 Words   |  6 Pages With such strides in the market, Pepsi is posing a serious threat to the other players in the market, Coca Cola being the major competitor. The importance of identifying the correct market structure cannot be ignore as the features of the market structure significantly influence the competitive strategies implemented by respective companies to enhance the profitability. The Market Structure in Which Pepsi Competes A market structure attempts to describe the market structure in which an organizationRead MoreA Monopolistic Analysis Of Mixed Martial Arts2774 Words   |  12 Pages A Monopolistic Analysis Table of Contents Executive Summary†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 UFC History†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 5 Business Evolution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 6 Antitrust Lawsuit†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 8 Porter’s 5 Forces†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 10 Threat of Entry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦. 10 Threat of Substitution†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦... 11 Bargaining Power Supplier..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 14 Bargaining Power Consumers†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 13 Competitive Rivalry†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 12 Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Read MoreResource Management2904 Words   |  12 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Introduction Resource management has been of crucial value when it comes to survival and development issues of an organization. In todays world where organizations are being highly competitive and are willing to exploit their competitive edge in every possible way, scarcity of resources makes this competition even tougher. This has given rise to the not so contemporary theory of RBV or resource-based view. The theory helps in examining how the organizations strive for the attainmentRead MoreNoki The Nokia 9000 Communicator1783 Words   |  8 Pagesin the market. The emergence of smartphone and the competition among smartphone platforms are becoming more important and urgent although there aren’t many information about it. Hence in this essay, I am going to contribute my analysis and findings to this topic. To chase back to 1996, the first smartphone was released by Nokia – the Nokia 9000 Communicator. At that time, Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Windows Mobile were some of the few competitors competing on their operating system in the market. (PocketnowRead MoreThe Theories Of The Smartphone Market1776 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Smartphone market is an emerging important market and is experiencing a wave of transformation with the emergence of new players (Basole and Karla, 2011). The competition among the smartphone markets is no longer simply through physical devices but though ecosystems, or platforms. This essay is going to look at the evolution of the market so far including how it will evolve in the future, whether a few firms will eventually dominate the market as well as the core business strategy isRead MoreRecycling in Retail1072 Words   |  4 PagesManagement Changes Like any other sector of the market, the industry of recycled merchandise has undergone a range of changes in Australia, just like anywhere else in the world. For example, one of the biggest changes involves the creation and evolution of new technology and network development, such as the concept of eBay and the online flea market arena. For example, eBay in Australia has been around for just 13 years, and has undergone a complete evolution from the time that it first began to the type

Report on Lease Financing Free Essays

string(142) " a contractual agreement between two parties establishing an arrangement for the use of an asset in return for periodic payments by the user\." [pic] [pic] Course code: F-201 Course title: Financial accounting -2 Submitted to: Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by: Name | | | |Roll | | | |Section | | | |Md. Mostafa Kamal | | | |16-058 | | | |B | | | |Md. Sakib Bin Abdul Hannan | | | |16-096 | | | |B | | | |Md. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Lease Financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mehdi Hasan | | | |16-112 | | | |B | | | |Parvaj Mosaraf | | | |16-140 | | | |B | | | |Belal Hossain | | | |15-132 | | | |B | | | BBA 16th Batch Department of Finance University of Dhaka Date of Submission: 26-05-2011 Letter of Transmittal Date: 26th May, 2011. To Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of report â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing†. Dear Madam, We are pleased to submit the report you have assigned to us. The report paper was to prepare the term paper on the course named â€Å"Financial Accounting-2† Course # F –201, as a part of our academic activities. This is the report on â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing†. The report reviews that how leasing company leases equipment. And we have focused a specific lease agreement of United Leasing Company with Delta Pharma Limited to have the real experience. We tried our best to prepare this report a fault free, but it is not possible. We hope that you will take any mistake with kind consideration. Thank you. Sincerely Mostafa Kamal (On behalf of the group-) Contents Acknowledgement This report entitled â€Å"A Report on Lease Financing† is submitted as the requirement of a part of the study of â€Å"Financial Accounting-2† in the BBA program conducted by Department of Finance, University of Dhaka. To prepare this report an intensive study was made covering various terminologies with the help of books named â€Å"Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso and Weygandt†. At first we want to pay our gratitude to all mighty Allah for preparing the report successfully. We are extremely grateful to our honorable course teacher Tahmina Akter, lecturer, Department of Finance, University of Dhaka for her painstaking guidance, suggestion and all type of support supervision to prepare this report. She continuously reminded us for the preparation of this report paper and finally gave a out-line to write down the paper spending her valuable time. Without her untiring efforts, completion of this report paper would have been impossible. We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and helps during the preparation of this report us by sharing ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in typing and proof reading this manuscript. Executive Summary Lease financing is the most important issue that determines the direction of financial behavior in an organization, a financial level of effort, and the organization’s level of persistence in the face of obstacles of other types of financing. Now-a-days lease financing is the most emphasized topic to any challenging institution or organization to develop their financial resources as well as profit maximization or maximization of owner’s equity. Lease financing is so central to management because it explains why it is better for the organization to gather financially solvency by lease financing. By lease financing an organization can reach its specific destination. If an organization has effective lease financing efficiency it can survive develop quickly than others. At first an organization considers lease financing and other financing cooperatively with one another then it takes decision to apply lease financing or other financing whichever is best. If other financing is the best than the lease financing then it will be selected, not lease financing. So from this comment it will be clear that lease financing must be selected it is not necessary. So which is the best is considerable matter. Background of the Report As a Part of Financial Accounting-2 course, we have prepared this report. Our course teacher, Tahmina Akter, instructed us to prepare a report on â€Å"Lease Financing†. We have made a detailed and critical analysis on the topic-All the five members of our group provided their sincerity and serious effort to prepare this term paper and the term paper submitted today – 26th May, 2011. Objective of the Report The main objective of our term paper is to show the lease agreement of a leasing company. We have study about advantage of leasing, various features of leasing but while preparing this report we have understood how leasing is important for company. Methodology and sources of information The term paper is written by using secondary resources. To prepare this term paper I have taken the help of numerous books, computer lab of business faculty of university of Dhaka. In this term paper I sorted information shortly and to collect information we went to computer lab and central library of Dhaka University. Besides I have also collected information through numerous sources such as The Daily Star and other daily news papers, journals etc. INTRODUCTION A lease is a contract whereby the owner of an asset (the lessor) grants to another party (the lessee) the exclusive right to use the asset in return for the payment of rent. Lease financing in Bangladesh means financing according to the methods of lease in Bangladesh. Sometimes it is more acceptable than others financing. Actually it is more profitable in some special sectors where other financing will be less profitable than lease financing. Most of us are familiar with lease of apartments, cars, and telephones. Bangladesh is a developing country, so lease financing is not very easy to apply here. In spite of these problems there are many sectors where lease financing is strictly applied. The key difference between a finance lease and an operating lease is whether the lessor (the legal owner who rents out the assets) or lessee (who uses the asset) takes on the risks of ownership of the leased assets. The classification of a lease (as an operating or finance lease) also affects how it is reported in the accounts. The classification of large transactions, such as sale and leasebacks of property, may have a significant effect on the accounts and on measures of financial stability such as gearing. However, it is worth remembering that an improvement in financial gearing may be offset by a worsening of operational gearing and vice-versa. Leasing: A lease is a contractual agreement between two parties establishing an arrangement for the use of an asset in return for periodic payments by the user. You read "Report on Lease Financing" in category "Papers" In a lease arrangement: ? The lessor is the asset owner, who receives the periodic payments. ? The lease makes the payments to the lessor in return for using the asset. Types of leases: All leases can be categorized broadly as either operating or financial leases. In turn, financial leases can be categorized into specific types. We will discuss the various types of leases below. Operating leases: An operating lease is a short-term, cancelable lease. A simple example of an operating or service lease is a lease for telephone service. Financial leases: A financial lease is typically a long term, no cancelable lease- the opposite of an operating lease. At the termination of the lease contract, the lessee often can either renew the lease or purchase the asset. Features of operating leases: 1. The lease is cancelable by the leasee prior to its expiration. 2. The lessor provides service, maintenance, and insurance. 3. The sum of all the lease payments by the lesee does not necessarily fully provide for the recovery of the asset’s cost. Features of financial leases: 1. The lease is not cancelable by the lessee prior to its expiration date. 2. The lessee is typically responsible for service, maintenance, and insurance for the asset. 3. The asset is fully amortized over the life of the lease. Financial leases can be divided into two basic forms: 1. Direct lease: In the straightforward arrangement, the firm leases an asset it did not previously own. The firm simultaneously signs the lease agreement with the lessor and orders the equipment from the manufacturer. The lessor pays for the equipment, which is sent to the firm. The firm makes lease payments to the lessor based on a lease agreement worked out by the two parties. If the direct lease is from the manufacturer, then the manufacturer and the lessor are one and the same. 2. Sale and leaseback: In this arrangement the firm sells an asset it currently owns and then leases the same asset from the buyer. Lease payments are set to return the full purchase price plus a rate of return deemed reasonable. The advantage to the lessee is that it allows the firm to continue using the asset while providing cash that can be used elsewhere. It has become increasingly more common in recent years for companies to lease equipment. Each leasing agreement needs to be read through carefully to understand the terms and conditions within said lease. Typically a lease can run anywhere from one to five years. Most equipment necessary in commercial businesses today, including technical equipment, can be leased. Some leases provide an option to then purchase the equipment at substantially less money when at the end of the term of the lease. By leasing equipment, if structured properly, you can maintain your credit availability, as the lease debt does not have to be considered a direct liability on your financial statements. This is advantageous, as it does not limit your ability to borrow from lending sources. Advantages of lease financing: ? It offers fixed rate financing; you pay at the same rate monthly. ? Leasing is inflation friendly. As the costs go up over five years, you still pay the same rate as when you began the lease, therefore making your dollar stretch farther. (In addition, the lease is not connected to the success of the business. Therefore, no matter how well the business does, the lease rate never changes. ) ? There is less upfront cash outlay; you do not need to make large cash payments for the purchase of needed equipment. ? Leasing better utilizes equipment; you lease and pay for equipment only for the time you need it. ? There is typically an option to buy equipment at end of lease term. ? You can keep upgrading; as new equipment becomes available you can upgrade to the latest models each time your lease ends. ? Typically, it is easier to obtain lease financing than loans from commercial lenders. ? It offers potential tax benefits depending on how the lease is structured. One of the reasons for the popularity of leasing is the steady stream of new and improved technology. By the end of a calendar year, much of your technology will be deemed â€Å"dinosaurs. The cost of continually buying new equipment to meet changing and growing business needs can be difficult for most small businesses. For this reason leasing is very advantageous. Leasing can also help you enhance your status to the lending community by improving your debt-to-equity and earnings-to-fixed assets ratios. There are a variety of ways in which a lease can be structured. This provides greater flexibility so that the lease is structured to best accommodate the individual cash flow requirements of a specific business. For example, you may have balloon payments, step up or step down payments, deferred payments or even seasonal payments. The actual advantages of leasing: The most important reason for leasing remains the tax reason. This advantage exists because firms are in different tax brackets, allowing a firm that can not take full advantage of a potential tax shield to shift such a shield to another firm. If the lease payments are set at proper rate, the firm that does the transferring can benefit, as can the lessor. Although someone has to lose, that someone will be the IRS. Disadvantages of lease financing: Leasing is a preferred means of financing for certain businesses. However it is not for everyone. The type of industry and type of equipment required also need to be considered. Tax implications also need to be compared between leasing and purchasing equipment. You have an obligation to continue making payments. Typically, leases may not be terminated before the original term is completed. Therefore, the renter is responsible for paying off the lease. This can pose a major financial problem for the owners of a business experiences a downturn. ? You have no equity until you decide to purchase the equip ment at the end of the lease term, at which point the equipment has depreciated significantly. ? Although you are not the owner, you are still responsible for maintaining the equipment as specified by the terms of the lease. Failure to do so can prove costly. A lease involving a third party that lends the lessor part of the funds ecessary to purchase the asset to be leased. 1. Equipment manufacturers: Durable-goods manufacturers often establish subsidiary leasing or credit companies. One of the main reasons that manufacturing companies provides lease financing is to encourage the use of their product. 2. Financial institutions: Banks, bank holding companies, and life insurance companies. These institutions are heavily involved in long-term financial leases. From their standpoint, leases are merely a secured lending. 3. Independent leasing companies: This provides much of the direct leasing. The financing effect: It is a form of borrowing. The contractual agreement on the lease payme nts is no cancelable. Therefore as other types of debt, failure to make the lease payments can result in bankruptcy. Both lessors and lessees generally, and correctly, view a financial lease as a form of borrowing. Leasing is similar to debt; it has an impact on the amount of borrowing a firm can do. Generally, the more a firm leases, the less it can borrow. This debt displacement is an implicit cost of leasing. The tax effect: For tax purposes, the lease is entitled to a full deduction of all qualified lease payments. Therefore, like other forms of borrowing, the government subsidizes the cost of leasing. The reporting effects: Leasing used to be referred to as off-balance sheet financing. Under rior accounting practices, because the firm did not own the asset, neither the asset nor the companion lease liability had to appear in the body of the balance sheet. A footnote reference, often a very terse one, was sufficient. The superficial effect was to understate the firm’s indebtedness position. Les see reporting: The capitalized value of capital leases and their companion liabilities are put in the body of the lessee’s balance sheet. These capitalized values are the present value of the lease payments. Thus the present value of the lease payments appears on the right-hand side of the balance sheet as a liability and on the left-hand side as an asset. [pic] ULC was established in 1989 as a public limited company, to cater the investment needs of our economy. ULC provides lease financing facilities to all market segments of customers, Small Medium Enterprises, Commercial Houses, Large Corporate organizations. Under Lease financing They provide; ? Industrial machinery and motor vehicles at concessionary term. ? Machinery and Furniture for Hospital use. ? Truck or Bus for Transportation. ? Equipment or Furniture for Official use. Delta Pharma Limited (DELTA PHARMA) has been propelling steadily towards its goal (Better Care†¦ Better Cure†¦ ) since its launch on November 21, 2004. It is a public limited company. Vission The vision is to reach a level of excellence in pharmaceuticals through a sustained effort to quality assurance and to achieve a global standard through the indoctrination of a culture of excellence. Mission Our mission is to benefit people and improve their quality of life through our quality products. As a generic company, our growth is closely knitted to the satisfaction of our customers. We would like to ensure customer satisfaction through providing quality medicine at affordable cost, launching new molecules expediting export to all possible avenues. We are committed to achieving our goal through skilled, creative, and motivated employees. ULC agrees to lease a drug manufacturing machine to Delta pharma company on January 1, 2010. ULC has added following information in the contract: 1. The lease agreement is noncancellable in nature with 6 years time period. 2. There will be no renewable option after lease term. 3. The cost of the machine was tk. 245000 and the fair value of the machine at January 1, 2010 is tk. 245000. 4. Machine will be reverted to the leesor at the end of this term at which time the machine will have scrape value worth tk. 43622 which is ungurrenteed. 5. Delta Pharma will bear the responsibility all executive cost. 6. ULC requires equal rental payment annually beginning January 1, 2010. 7. Collectability of the lease payment is reasonably predictable. There are no uncertainties surrounding the amount of costs yet to be incurred by the ULC. Required calculation by ULC Rental payment calculation Fair market value of the leased asset to lesor tk. 245000 Less: Present of the ungurenteed residual value tk. 24623. 31 (43622X. 56447) Amount to be received through lease payment tk. 220376. 69 Six periodic lease payment (tk. 220376. 69/4. 79079) tk. 46000 United Leasing Company (Lessor) Lease Amortization Schedule Date |Annual lease payment plus |Interest on lease |Recovery of lease |Lease receivable | | |URV |receivable |receivable | | |1-1-10 | | | |245000 | |1-1-10 |46000 | |46000 |199000 | |1-1-11 |46000 |19900 |26100 |172900 | |1-1-12 |46000 |17290 |28710 |144190 | |1-1-13 |46000 |14419 |31581 |112609 | |1-1-14 |46000 |11261 |34739 |77870 | |1-1-15 |46000 |7787 |38213 |39657 | |1-1-15 |43622 |3965 |39657 |0 | Journal entries for ULC Journal entries given by the United Lea sing Company for the first two years: Date |Journal |Amount(tk) | |1-1-10 |Lease receivable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. Dr |245000 | | |Equipment†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Cr |245000 | |1-1-10 |Cash†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr |46000 | | |Lease Receivable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Cr |46000 | |12-31-10 |Interest Receivable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr |19900 | | |Interest Revenue. †¦.. Cr |19900 | |1-1-11 |Cash†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. Dr |46000 | | |Lease Receivable †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Cr |26100 | | |Interest Receivable†¦. Cr |19900 | |12-31-11 |Interest Receivable†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. Dr |17290 | | |Interest Revenu†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦. Cr |17290 | Findings Analyzing this report we have come to terms: 1. Lease plays an important role for business. 2. Easy for business to get lease. 3. Lease agreement may contain less restrictive provisions than other debt agreement. 4. Business finds leasing cheaper than other forms of financing. 5. Business does not report an asset or liability for the lease agreement for financial reporting purposes. 6. It is a contractual agreement. 7. It may be cancellable or no cancellable. 8. Leasing provides business an opportunity to transfer tax benefit to another party. The leasing market is becoming more competitive because of the new leasing companies are entering the market. However, There are still leasing companies are doing well. The political stability and overall economic development is an essential precondition of the smooth growth of this sector. If we can ensure these two preconditions, the leasing sector of Bangladesh would be able to perform a strong role in our industrial development. If we disuses more and more about lease financing, and if we try to spread it among our general public about its advantages, we will go clearly ahead. It is very favorable to apply lease financing in Bangladesh. From above discussion, it is clear that, in many sectors lease financing is better than other financing. If we know about lease financing properly, we can use or we can avail all the advantages of lease financing where other financing is not favorable for us. 1. Brigham, E. F. and M. C. Ehrhardt. 2001. Financial management: Theory and practice. 10th Edition. Singapore. South- Western. 2. Bhole, L. M. 1992. Financial Institutions and Markets: structure, growth and Innovations. 2nd Edition. New Delhi. Tata- McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Evaluation of students’ performance; 3. Horne, J. C. 1999. Financial Management and Policy. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] ———————– Bibliography 05 06 07 07 07 08 09 11 13 18 21 22 22 1. Acknowledgement 2. Executive Summary Background of the report Objective of the report Methodology and sources of information 3. Introduction 4. Lease Financing 5. Advantage and disadvantage of leasing 6. Sources of lease financing 7. A lease contract 8. Findings 9. Conclusion 10. Bibliography TOPIC PAGES A Report on Lease Financing Conclusion The effects of leasing on the firm: A Lease contract of United Leasing company with Delta Pharma Limited Sources of lease financing: Leveraged lease: Advantages and Disadvantages of Lease Financing for Businesses Lease Financing [pic] (Lessee) [pic] (Lessor) How to cite Report on Lease Financing, Papers