tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-162240584877285442024-03-12T21:46:07.431-07:00How to write an apa research paperZhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.comBlogger192125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-47930356563652659752020-08-24T16:18:00.001-07:002020-08-24T16:18:07.649-07:00Karen Horney: Her Life and Work Essay -- Feminine Psychology EssaysKaren Horney: Her Life and Work Karen Horney, a psychoanalyst maybe most popular for her thoughts with respect to female brain research, confronted a lot of analysis from universal Freudian psychoanalysts during her time. Robert Sternberg said that imagination is consistently a ââ¬Å"person-framework interactionâ⬠on the grounds that numerous profoundly innovative people produce items that are acceptable, however that are not actually what others expect or want. In this manner, inventiveness is just important with regards to the framework that makes a decision about it. On the off chance that this is valid, I accept that Karen Horney made genuinely imaginative commitments to the field of brain science, and especially to the area of analysis. She defied guidelines in an area that was itself genuinely new, and in doing so introduced thoughts that have been being used right up 'til today. She did as such in a framework that assaulted her with a decent measure of analysis since her thoughts were unique in relatio n to those that Freud and his devotees bolstered. Be that as it may, she made her imprint as an ace in her area and has figured out how to have some of her thoughts joined into sense of self brain science, frameworks hypothesis, and various self-completing schools of psychotherapy. Howard Gardner has considered numerous innovative bosses inside the setting of his hypothesis of the three center components of inventiveness. These incorporate the connection between the kid and the grown-up maker, the connection between the maker and others, and the connection between the maker and their work. Karen Horneyââ¬â¢s adolescence and grown-up life have been reflected in quite a bit of her work. She was conceived in 1885, the finish of the Victorian time. Horneyââ¬â¢s father was a ââ¬Å"God-dreading fundamentalist who unequivocally accepted that ladies were sub-par compared to men and were the wellspring of all underhandedness in the worldâ⬠(Hergenhahn and Olson... ...usly molded her character and later affected her psychoanalytic hypothesis. Thusly, her character influenced her relations with others in her area, her family, her friends, her faultfinders, and her supporters. It permitted her to get and hold noticeable situations in brain research and to support incalculable patients. Horney invested heavily in her work; she would not permit customary Freudian regulation and its supporters to keep her from voicing the hypotheses that she deliberately developed from long periods of individual thoughtfulness coordinated with perceptions of cultural impact. References Gardner, Howard (1993). Making Minds. New York: Basic Books. Hergehhahn, B. R. furthermore, Olson, M. H. (1999). An Introduction to Theories of Personality. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. Rubins, Jack L. (1978). Karen Horney: Gentle Rebel of Psychoanalysis. New York: The Dial Press. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-7851569472113513112020-08-22T01:42:00.001-07:002020-08-22T01:42:36.144-07:00Careers Education System in Cyprus Thesis ProposalVocations Education System in Cyprus - Thesis Proposal Example Vocation advising in Cyprus serves to situate and edify the students with future business openings and empower them to completely understand their aptitudes and yearnings so they can seek after the most reasonable specialization. Having this as a top priority, the inquiry currently is the thing that vocation direction program will be appropriate for satisfying the requirements of the understudy populace. As Cyprus as of now has a national vocation direction program applied in its educational system, the issue that looks to be tended to is the progressions that should be executed for it not exclusively to be powerful yet in addition receptive to the requirements of the understudies, parent, school the executives and school staff. This exploration will concentrate on the required changes in the direction arrangement of Cyprus as dictated by the contemporary social setting in order to be receptive to the necessities of the understudies, teacher and guardians. To accomplish this, the flow arrangement of the Cyprus direction and profession arrangement will be examined and investigated for deficiencies brought up by pertinent examinations and research. Powerless focuses will be recognized and arrangements will be figured, again dissected against the setting of significant research. It will be conceived as a main priority of the significant guideline brought up by the National Center for Guidance and Education (2004, foreword) which is the way that direction arranging will depend not just on the mastery of the direction advisor yet in addition on the school the board, staff, guardians and understudies. In extra, there is a need to go past the school premises as the main setting for profession direction programs pla n as there is other similarly significant externalities that influence such arrangement straightforwardly or by implication, for example, government approach and industry patterns. The reason, in outline, is to give an all encompassing examination of various variables influencing Cypriot Career Guidance benefits and have the option to detail systems to address any incongruence and deficiency in order to be receptive to the requirements of the understudies, instructors and guardians. Survey of Related Literature As indicated by the NCGE (2004), profession direction alludes to a scope of learning encounters gave in a formative succession that help understudies to make individual and social, instructive and vocation decisions about their lives and to settle on advances ensuing on these decisions. A school direction plan supposedly has these advantages: it gives guidance by expressing the destinations and needs of the arrangement of direction in a school; it upgrades the arrangement of direction by focusing on the necessities of understudies; it centers the school's assets to where they are required most; and in conclusion, it permits staff to add to improvements and changes in a positive and shared manner. In view of these realities, the school direction framework is supposed to be an indispensable piece of the school plan. (NCGE, 2004) Direction arrangement in schools includes a scope of direction and advising exercises and administrations (Department of Education and Science's Guidelines for Second Level Schools, 1998), identifying with understudies' entrance to fitting direction for a diagram on the significance of direction. Direction exercises that help understudies to settle on decisions include: (a) guiding which manages helping understudies to investigate their contemplations and emotions, and the decisions open to them; giving consideration and backing to understudies figuring out how to adapt Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-71042132746313821842020-07-22T09:33:00.001-07:002020-07-22T09:33:03.844-07:00Argumentative Essay Topics About Mental IllnessArgumentative Essay Topics About Mental IllnessArgumentative essay topics about mental illness are important because they allow students to explore the difficulties that have resulted in their behavior. Whether the subject is alcohol or drug addiction, depression, paranoia, or any other condition that has caused a person to have problems, understanding how this condition is affecting your life is important for you to know and write about. If you're struggling with a mental disorder, this essay will give you the opportunity to be able to voice your concerns and discuss the ways in which you may deal with the issues that you've found on your own.Students can choose from many argumentative essay topics about mental illness, and each of them will affect you in a different way. Although your reason for writing this essay may be personal, it will still require a fairly long form of essay due to the subjects that you will be discussing. In order to help you prepare yourself, there are some points that you need to take into consideration.You will need to decide on a topic before you start writing. The fact that you have a specific topic already established by the school you're applying to may be a factor in whether or not you get the interview. You may want to see if they offer a topic that relates to the school. You can also see if they allow essay topic options in their essay section.After you have chosen a topic, you will want to make sure that you have a topic that is focused on mental illnesses. Be sure to write an essay about a specific illness or disorder so that you can have a clear example of why you feel your topic is relevant. A long essay usually makes students nervous, so writing about a more general subject will most likely cause you to come across as an expert when you are actually not.Another thing to remember when writing argumentative essay topics about mental illness is to make sure that you have a strong argument for your point of view. One of the t hings that most students do not know about the subject is that there are a number of individuals that may not understand the reasons why someone has an issue. They may assume that the individual is simply acting out due to the external events that they have encountered in their life. Make sure that you use your personal experiences to clearly state your viewpoint.It is also important to emphasize that the essay topics you write may affect you. Although it is normal for people to be nervous about speaking in front of a class, there are times when students who are concerned about what others will think may worry about being poorly received. Making sure that you are well prepared by having a background of writing essays will ensure that you can present a good argument, especially if your essay topic requires you to express both your personal experiences and the way in which your view of this problem affects your life.Another benefit of writing an essay about mental illness is that you may be allowed to write about other ways in which your life has been affected. By doing this, you can gain insight into how you have been able to deal with your problems and how your experiences may be transferred to other people. By having a good understanding of the problem and an in-depth understanding of the problem, you can hopefully prevent future occurrences by understanding how they may have affected you.Argumentative essay topics about mental illness can be incredibly valuable, and they can help you become better writers in the long run. After you have a topic, you should write an essay on the topic to gain a better understanding of the issue. By being prepared, you will be able to write a persuasive essay that will have a lot of impact. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-26310866631770977792020-05-22T02:11:00.001-07:002020-05-22T02:11:03.045-07:00Advocacy in Counseling - 1622 Words Consultation and Advocacy Bradlee Donahue Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors Kathy Blaydes August 4, 2013 Advocacy and consultation have over the years proven to be two equally important ways for counselors to assist their clients. According to research conducted by Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda (2010), there is a positive correlation between the two concepts. For example, both concepts utilize distinct and unique methodologies as a means of assisting clients within the realm of counseling. To truly understand how each method can be an asset for a counselor, we must first analyze the two independently. ââ¬Å"A Consultation for professional counselors typically involves actingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ultimately this will hopefully assist the inmate by reducing the probability of becoming a repeat offender. Not only would this be directly beneficial to the adult individual, but also to a child or adolescent who is now living in a broken, single parent home or in a home without an actual parent at all. Additionally, it assists the family and/or couple as a unit because it is able to fill back in a familial piece that has been missing. Therefore in the end, by advocating for reforms within the system can ultimately work to healthily integrate an individual back into the community, and prevent a negative chain reaction within the family. Another way advocacy plays an important role is with the assistance it provides with reducing social barriers such as race, religion, sexual preference and socio-economic status. Clientââ¬â¢s that are subject to such barriers can benefit greatly from a clinical advocate. Models and Practices for Consultation There are several models and practices that currently exist for consultation. For example, ââ¬Å"Collaborating with multiple stakeholder groups and identifying institutional policies that may promote marginalization of vulnerable community members are used by both consultants and advocates to achieve desired goalsâ⬠(Moe, Perera-Diltz, Sepulveda, 2010). Also, ââ¬Å"Preparing for entry into a consultee organization (or clarifyingShow MoreRelatedEssay about Consultation and Advocacy in Counseling1478 Words à |à 6 PagesConsultation and Advocacy in Counseling Donna Boyett COUN 5004 Survey of Research in Human Development for Professional Counselors August 4, 2012 195 Wayfair Lane Hinesville, GA 31313 Telephone: (912) 980-1231 Email: Donna.Boyett@hotmail.com Instructor: Kathy Blaydes Abstract This paper discuses the importance of social justice advocacy and consultation in the counseling profession. The introduction is an explanation of social justice advocacy, and the different ways counselors advocateRead MoreCulturally Appropriate Counseling Practices And Advocacy766 Words à |à 4 PagesCulturally appropriate counseling is important when forming the counselor-client relationship. Also, it is key that the counselor understands the clientââ¬â¢s cultural characteristics, and is always in a continual process of self-reflection of their own socio-cultural beliefs and biases. This paper will discuss how generic counseling through the lens of culture, class and language and the how Native Americans/First Nations differ when using these same markers. This paper will also discuss the implicationsRead MoreMental Health Counseling: Integrating Consultation and Social Advocacy1997 Words à |à 8 PagesWith the meshing of consultation and advocacy, mental health counselors c an both assist in dealing with the issues that their clients face personally, but also help to make better the world around them. In order to respond to the thesis questions presented in this paper, we must first define consultation and social justice advocacy within the counseling context. Typically, consultation means a general meeting or conference between parties. In the counseling context however, we can say that itRead MoreAdvocacy Competences of School Counselors936 Words à |à 4 PagesAdvocacy is one of the major roles for professional school counselors. The concept of advocacy is the tradition of professional counselors, but the role of advocacy in school counseling was not valued until the recent times. The purpose of this paper is to give a reflection about the article on school counseling in order to show and describe the advocacy competencies of school counselors. The article was written by Jerry Trusty and Duane Brown. The article was set to provide a structure that helpsRead MoreREVIEW TEST SUBMISSION week 3 Essay example1446 Words à |à 6 Pages__________ was established as a self-help approach to alcohol addiction. Selected Answer: c.à Alcoholics Anonymous. Answers: a.à The Alcohol Counseling Center. b.à The Theater of Spontaneity. c.à Alcoholics Anonymous. d.à None of the above. Response Feedback: Correct. Question 2 4 out of 4 points ____ is also called the fourth force in counseling. Selected Answer: a.à Multiculturalism. Answers: a.à Multiculturalism. b.à Humanism. c.à Cognitive-behaviorism. d.à Psychoanalysis. Read MoreEssay about Advocacy for Diverse Clientele1069 Words à |à 5 Pages Advocacy for Diverse ClienteleName Capella University Advocacy for Diverse ClienteleOne of the populations that has a lot of culturally diverse individuals is the military and veterans. In veterans there is a lot of cultural diversity with individuals ranging in backgrounds from all over including African-American, Asian-American, Hispanic-American, and Caucasian-Americans. Veterans suffer from a wide range of mental illnesses including depression, PTSD, anxiety, suicide, and substance abuse.Read MoreThe Advocacy For Lgbt Community1380 Words à |à 6 PagesDescription of the importance of the topic The topic on the advocacy for LGBT community in schools among the student community is very important. In most cases the advocates of LGBTs have tried to persuade schools to improve their environment. Usually the school environment significantly determines whether the climate in the school is healthy and appropriate for LGBT students to learn in (Goldberg and Allen, 2013). Advocating for this community therefore means that school administrators are likelyRead MoreThe Importance Of Action In Advocacy828 Words à |à 4 PagesAction in Advocacy To advocate for the standardization of educational requirements a tactical advocacy framework utilizing Group Formulation is necessary to develop groups with the same goal (Stachowiak, 2013). Choosing group formulation as an advocacy strategy aligns with my leadership philosophy of servant-leadership and ACA value of practicing in an ethical manner. I feel a need to fill a leadership gap and find a way to assist the organization with being an agent of change, even if this meansRead MoreDiversity in the United States1647 Words à |à 7 Pagesjustice advocacy is derived from awareness of the issue at hand, the knowledge and understanding of core issues, and the development of skills that enable their client to responsibly find optimum solutions. Through exploration and enlightenment, the clinician can expand their own abilities to be social activists for their marginalized clients. Furthermore, knowledge gives individuals competency to change organizational policies and systems and th e responsibility to take action. Advocacy skills canRead MoreCulturally Relevant Strategies Essay examples1381 Words à |à 6 PagesCulturally Relevant Strategies Jennifer Sillaway COUN5336 Counseling and Advocacy with Diverse Populations February 24, 2013 Dr. Kaisha Thomas Aspirations Mental health counseling was not the career path in which I envisioned myself embarking on. Becoming a mental health counselor has many challenges and benefits. Along my career path I have had the pleasure of getting to know a variety of positions within mental health. Finding the definition of a mental health counselor can be defined Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-43870627406987286442020-05-07T00:11:00.001-07:002020-05-07T00:11:13.179-07:00Evolution of Monopolistic Competitive Market - 1962 Words Evolution of Monopolistic Competitive Market Brand loyalty, Generic Entry and Price Competition in MP3 Player Market Introduction In this paper I will reflect the evolution of the monopolistically competitive market and by doing so guiding the concept with an insight of the Mp3 player market and its actors. One of the actors on the Mp3 market is the IPod created by the innovating company Apple. The IPod was realised in March 2004 and was immediately a success. Easy to manoeuvre and with its attractive and appealing look it took the profits from other existing firms and became the current market leader. Looking at the concept and the dynamics of a monopolistically competitive market we can foresee the future for the IPod and otherâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦As firms incur in the short run economic losses, its no longer profitable and exits the market. Economic loss in the short run Demand is lower that average cost and the firm is makes an economic loss. This process continues until each firmââ¬â¢s demand curve eventually becomes tangent to the firmââ¬â¢s average cost curve as the graph below describes. The dynamics of Monopolistic competition is whereby a firmââ¬â¢s demand curve continuously shifts leftward as new firms enter the market until in equilibrium, monopolistically competitive firms no longer make any economic profit. Long run equilibrium The absence of barriers to entry implies zero economic profit in the long run. The Mp3 Player Market An analysis of the Mp3 player market shows it has a small number of large firms sharing some market share amongst many small firms. The market has two types of music players in the Mp3 market- branded Mp3 players such as IPod, which are heavily advertised, and then generic (non-branded) players such as the Sweex MP472. The industry is dominated currently by one market leader, Appleââ¬â¢s IPod with an advantageous market share above 70% according to NPD Group Inc (2009). Few have actually managed to rub the leader from its position. Though, this increases the competitive pressures on the rivals of Apple, which are fighting to win a bigger stake in the growing market by winning new customers, expanding new regions and taking market sharesShow MoreRelatedIntroduction to the Potato Chip Industry1397 Words à |à 6 Pageseach producing and selling their own products within a monopolistic competitive structure. In other words, the products created and sold were slightly different, so that they were not perfect substitutes for each other. The economic agents as such competed on different segments and were able to implement the prices they saw fit, without creating or sensing influences from the other players in the market. Today however, the structure of the market has changed dramatically, after two lawyers purchasedRead MoreMonopolies And The Telecommunications Industry1590 Words à |à 7 Pages Monopolies and the Telecommunications Industry A monopoly that is owned, controlled and managed by the government allows maximum benefits to a consumer even much more that a competitive firm may be able to provide. This is because the government may not harbor any intent to earn profit. As a result, it would provide a good even when there is no profit at a very low price so that the good remains available to the consumer. One such example is telecommunications industry, which is a necessity sinceRead MoreThe Types Of Market Structures1640 Words à |à 7 PagesA market structure is where the physical characteristics of the market, where firms interact (). Market structures can highlight the criteria of firms, and express the barriers that they may face with entering. There are four types of competition across various market structures. The types of competition are perfect competition, monopolistic competition, oligopoly, and monopoly. Each types of market structures are a direct reflection of the current economic market state. When a company assessesRead MoreMonopoly and Quasar1166 Words à |à 5 PagesThe neutron uses high speed optical conductors, which is the first technology of its kind to be used in a laptop. Over time many businesses need to evolve to stay competitive and continue to make a profit in the market place that they have entered. This paper will discuss how the Quasar computer company moved through the different market structures over the past ten years and how the pricing and non-pricing strategies affected the companyââ¬â¢s growth. During their transition the company faced many obstaclesRead MorePepsi Inc : An American Based Multinational Company Essay1445 Words à |à 6 Pages With such strides in the market, Pepsi is posing a serious threat to the other players in the market, Coca Cola being the major competitor. The importance of identifying the correct market structure cannot be ignore as the features of the market structure significantly influence the competitive strategies implemented by respective companies to enhance the profitability. The Market Structure in Which Pepsi Competes A market structure attempts to describe the market structure in which an organizationRead MoreA Monopolistic Analysis Of Mixed Martial Arts2774 Words à |à 12 Pages A Monopolistic Analysis Table of Contents Executive Summaryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 3 UFC Historyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 5 Business Evolutionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 6 Antitrust Lawsuitâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. 8 Porterââ¬â¢s 5 Forcesâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 10 Threat of Entryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦. 10 Threat of Substitutionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦... 11 Bargaining Power Supplier..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 14 Bargaining Power Consumersâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ 13 Competitive Rivalryâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. 12 Conclusionâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦..â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Read MoreResource Management2904 Words à |à 12 Pagesï » ¿Running head: Introduction Resource management has been of crucial value when it comes to survival and development issues of an organization. In todays world where organizations are being highly competitive and are willing to exploit their competitive edge in every possible way, scarcity of resources makes this competition even tougher. This has given rise to the not so contemporary theory of RBV or resource-based view. The theory helps in examining how the organizations strive for the attainmentRead MoreNoki The Nokia 9000 Communicator1783 Words à |à 8 Pagesin the market. The emergence of smartphone and the competition among smartphone platforms are becoming more important and urgent although there arenââ¬â¢t many information about it. Hence in this essay, I am going to contribute my analysis and findings to this topic. To chase back to 1996, the first smartphone was released by Nokia ââ¬â the Nokia 9000 Communicator. At that time, Symbian, BlackBerry OS, Windows Mobile were some of the few competitors competing on their operating system in the market. (PocketnowRead MoreThe Theories Of The Smartphone Market1776 Words à |à 8 PagesIntroduction Smartphone market is an emerging important market and is experiencing a wave of transformation with the emergence of new players (Basole and Karla, 2011). The competition among the smartphone markets is no longer simply through physical devices but though ecosystems, or platforms. This essay is going to look at the evolution of the market so far including how it will evolve in the future, whether a few firms will eventually dominate the market as well as the core business strategy isRead MoreRecycling in Retail1072 Words à |à 4 PagesManagement Changes Like any other sector of the market, the industry of recycled merchandise has undergone a range of changes in Australia, just like anywhere else in the world. For example, one of the biggest changes involves the creation and evolution of new technology and network development, such as the concept of eBay and the online flea market arena. For example, eBay in Australia has been around for just 13 years, and has undergone a complete evolution from the time that it first began to the type Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-21060980212862033902020-05-06T09:04:00.001-07:002020-05-06T09:04:09.745-07:00Report on Lease Financing Free Essays string(142) " a contractual agreement between two parties establishing an arrangement for the use of an asset in return for periodic payments by the user\." [pic] [pic] Course code: F-201 Course title: Financial accounting -2 Submitted to: Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Submitted by: Name | | | |Roll | | | |Section | | | |Md. Mostafa Kamal | | | |16-058 | | | |B | | | |Md. Sakib Bin Abdul Hannan | | | |16-096 | | | |B | | | |Md. We will write a custom essay sample on Report on Lease Financing or any similar topic only for you Order Now Mehdi Hasan | | | |16-112 | | | |B | | | |Parvaj Mosaraf | | | |16-140 | | | |B | | | |Belal Hossain | | | |15-132 | | | |B | | | BBA 16th Batch Department of Finance University of Dhaka Date of Submission: 26-05-2011 Letter of Transmittal Date: 26th May, 2011. To Tahmina Akter Lecturer Department of Finance University of Dhaka Subject: Submission of report ââ¬Å"A Report on Lease Financingâ⬠. Dear Madam, We are pleased to submit the report you have assigned to us. The report paper was to prepare the term paper on the course named ââ¬Å"Financial Accounting-2â⬠Course # F ââ¬â201, as a part of our academic activities. This is the report on ââ¬Å"A Report on Lease Financingâ⬠. The report reviews that how leasing company leases equipment. And we have focused a specific lease agreement of United Leasing Company with Delta Pharma Limited to have the real experience. We tried our best to prepare this report a fault free, but it is not possible. We hope that you will take any mistake with kind consideration. Thank you. Sincerely Mostafa Kamal (On behalf of the group-) Contents Acknowledgement This report entitled ââ¬Å"A Report on Lease Financingâ⬠is submitted as the requirement of a part of the study of ââ¬Å"Financial Accounting-2â⬠in the BBA program conducted by Department of Finance, University of Dhaka. To prepare this report an intensive study was made covering various terminologies with the help of books named ââ¬Å"Intermediate Accounting by Donald E. Kieso and Weygandtâ⬠. At first we want to pay our gratitude to all mighty Allah for preparing the report successfully. We are extremely grateful to our honorable course teacher Tahmina Akter, lecturer, Department of Finance, University of Dhaka for her painstaking guidance, suggestion and all type of support supervision to prepare this report. She continuously reminded us for the preparation of this report paper and finally gave a out-line to write down the paper spending her valuable time. Without her untiring efforts, completion of this report paper would have been impossible. We like to give thanks especially to our friends and many individuals, for their enthusiastic encouragements and helps during the preparation of this report us by sharing ideas regarding this subject and for their assistance in typing and proof reading this manuscript. Executive Summary Lease financing is the most important issue that determines the direction of financial behavior in an organization, a financial level of effort, and the organizationââ¬â¢s level of persistence in the face of obstacles of other types of financing. Now-a-days lease financing is the most emphasized topic to any challenging institution or organization to develop their financial resources as well as profit maximization or maximization of ownerââ¬â¢s equity. Lease financing is so central to management because it explains why it is better for the organization to gather financially solvency by lease financing. By lease financing an organization can reach its specific destination. If an organization has effective lease financing efficiency it can survive develop quickly than others. At first an organization considers lease financing and other financing cooperatively with one another then it takes decision to apply lease financing or other financing whichever is best. If other financing is the best than the lease financing then it will be selected, not lease financing. So from this comment it will be clear that lease financing must be selected it is not necessary. So which is the best is considerable matter. Background of the Report As a Part of Financial Accounting-2 course, we have prepared this report. Our course teacher, Tahmina Akter, instructed us to prepare a report on ââ¬Å"Lease Financingâ⬠. We have made a detailed and critical analysis on the topic-All the five members of our group provided their sincerity and serious effort to prepare this term paper and the term paper submitted today ââ¬â 26th May, 2011. Objective of the Report The main objective of our term paper is to show the lease agreement of a leasing company. We have study about advantage of leasing, various features of leasing but while preparing this report we have understood how leasing is important for company. Methodology and sources of information The term paper is written by using secondary resources. To prepare this term paper I have taken the help of numerous books, computer lab of business faculty of university of Dhaka. In this term paper I sorted information shortly and to collect information we went to computer lab and central library of Dhaka University. Besides I have also collected information through numerous sources such as The Daily Star and other daily news papers, journals etc. INTRODUCTION A lease is a contract whereby the owner of an asset (the lessor) grants to another party (the lessee) the exclusive right to use the asset in return for the payment of rent. Lease financing in Bangladesh means financing according to the methods of lease in Bangladesh. Sometimes it is more acceptable than others financing. Actually it is more profitable in some special sectors where other financing will be less profitable than lease financing. Most of us are familiar with lease of apartments, cars, and telephones. Bangladesh is a developing country, so lease financing is not very easy to apply here. In spite of these problems there are many sectors where lease financing is strictly applied. The key difference between a finance lease and an operating lease is whether the lessor (the legal owner who rents out the assets) or lessee (who uses the asset) takes on the risks of ownership of the leased assets. The classification of a lease (as an operating or finance lease) also affects how it is reported in the accounts. The classification of large transactions, such as sale and leasebacks of property, may have a significant effect on the accounts and on measures of financial stability such as gearing. However, it is worth remembering that an improvement in financial gearing may be offset by a worsening of operational gearing and vice-versa. Leasing: A lease is a contractual agreement between two parties establishing an arrangement for the use of an asset in return for periodic payments by the user. You read "Report on Lease Financing" in category "Papers" In a lease arrangement: ? The lessor is the asset owner, who receives the periodic payments. ? The lease makes the payments to the lessor in return for using the asset. Types of leases: All leases can be categorized broadly as either operating or financial leases. In turn, financial leases can be categorized into specific types. We will discuss the various types of leases below. Operating leases: An operating lease is a short-term, cancelable lease. A simple example of an operating or service lease is a lease for telephone service. Financial leases: A financial lease is typically a long term, no cancelable lease- the opposite of an operating lease. At the termination of the lease contract, the lessee often can either renew the lease or purchase the asset. Features of operating leases: 1. The lease is cancelable by the leasee prior to its expiration. 2. The lessor provides service, maintenance, and insurance. 3. The sum of all the lease payments by the lesee does not necessarily fully provide for the recovery of the assetââ¬â¢s cost. Features of financial leases: 1. The lease is not cancelable by the lessee prior to its expiration date. 2. The lessee is typically responsible for service, maintenance, and insurance for the asset. 3. The asset is fully amortized over the life of the lease. Financial leases can be divided into two basic forms: 1. Direct lease: In the straightforward arrangement, the firm leases an asset it did not previously own. The firm simultaneously signs the lease agreement with the lessor and orders the equipment from the manufacturer. The lessor pays for the equipment, which is sent to the firm. The firm makes lease payments to the lessor based on a lease agreement worked out by the two parties. If the direct lease is from the manufacturer, then the manufacturer and the lessor are one and the same. 2. Sale and leaseback: In this arrangement the firm sells an asset it currently owns and then leases the same asset from the buyer. Lease payments are set to return the full purchase price plus a rate of return deemed reasonable. The advantage to the lessee is that it allows the firm to continue using the asset while providing cash that can be used elsewhere. It has become increasingly more common in recent years for companies to lease equipment. Each leasing agreement needs to be read through carefully to understand the terms and conditions within said lease. Typically a lease can run anywhere from one to five years. Most equipment necessary in commercial businesses today, including technical equipment, can be leased. Some leases provide an option to then purchase the equipment at substantially less money when at the end of the term of the lease. By leasing equipment, if structured properly, you can maintain your credit availability, as the lease debt does not have to be considered a direct liability on your financial statements. This is advantageous, as it does not limit your ability to borrow from lending sources. Advantages of lease financing: ? It offers fixed rate financing; you pay at the same rate monthly. ? Leasing is inflation friendly. As the costs go up over five years, you still pay the same rate as when you began the lease, therefore making your dollar stretch farther. (In addition, the lease is not connected to the success of the business. Therefore, no matter how well the business does, the lease rate never changes. ) ? There is less upfront cash outlay; you do not need to make large cash payments for the purchase of needed equipment. ? Leasing better utilizes equipment; you lease and pay for equipment only for the time you need it. ? There is typically an option to buy equipment at end of lease term. ? You can keep upgrading; as new equipment becomes available you can upgrade to the latest models each time your lease ends. ? Typically, it is easier to obtain lease financing than loans from commercial lenders. ? It offers potential tax benefits depending on how the lease is structured. One of the reasons for the popularity of leasing is the steady stream of new and improved technology. By the end of a calendar year, much of your technology will be deemed ââ¬Å"dinosaurs. The cost of continually buying new equipment to meet changing and growing business needs can be difficult for most small businesses. For this reason leasing is very advantageous. Leasing can also help you enhance your status to the lending community by improving your debt-to-equity and earnings-to-fixed assets ratios. There are a variety of ways in which a lease can be structured. This provides greater flexibility so that the lease is structured to best accommodate the individual cash flow requirements of a specific business. For example, you may have balloon payments, step up or step down payments, deferred payments or even seasonal payments. The actual advantages of leasing: The most important reason for leasing remains the tax reason. This advantage exists because firms are in different tax brackets, allowing a firm that can not take full advantage of a potential tax shield to shift such a shield to another firm. If the lease payments are set at proper rate, the firm that does the transferring can benefit, as can the lessor. Although someone has to lose, that someone will be the IRS. Disadvantages of lease financing: Leasing is a preferred means of financing for certain businesses. However it is not for everyone. The type of industry and type of equipment required also need to be considered. Tax implications also need to be compared between leasing and purchasing equipment. You have an obligation to continue making payments. Typically, leases may not be terminated before the original term is completed. Therefore, the renter is responsible for paying off the lease. This can pose a major financial problem for the owners of a business experiences a downturn. ? You have no equity until you decide to purchase the equip ment at the end of the lease term, at which point the equipment has depreciated significantly. ? Although you are not the owner, you are still responsible for maintaining the equipment as specified by the terms of the lease. Failure to do so can prove costly. A lease involving a third party that lends the lessor part of the funds ecessary to purchase the asset to be leased. 1. Equipment manufacturers: Durable-goods manufacturers often establish subsidiary leasing or credit companies. One of the main reasons that manufacturing companies provides lease financing is to encourage the use of their product. 2. Financial institutions: Banks, bank holding companies, and life insurance companies. These institutions are heavily involved in long-term financial leases. From their standpoint, leases are merely a secured lending. 3. Independent leasing companies: This provides much of the direct leasing. The financing effect: It is a form of borrowing. The contractual agreement on the lease payme nts is no cancelable. Therefore as other types of debt, failure to make the lease payments can result in bankruptcy. Both lessors and lessees generally, and correctly, view a financial lease as a form of borrowing. Leasing is similar to debt; it has an impact on the amount of borrowing a firm can do. Generally, the more a firm leases, the less it can borrow. This debt displacement is an implicit cost of leasing. The tax effect: For tax purposes, the lease is entitled to a full deduction of all qualified lease payments. Therefore, like other forms of borrowing, the government subsidizes the cost of leasing. The reporting effects: Leasing used to be referred to as off-balance sheet financing. Under rior accounting practices, because the firm did not own the asset, neither the asset nor the companion lease liability had to appear in the body of the balance sheet. A footnote reference, often a very terse one, was sufficient. The superficial effect was to understate the firmââ¬â¢s indebtedness position. Les see reporting: The capitalized value of capital leases and their companion liabilities are put in the body of the lesseeââ¬â¢s balance sheet. These capitalized values are the present value of the lease payments. Thus the present value of the lease payments appears on the right-hand side of the balance sheet as a liability and on the left-hand side as an asset. [pic] ULC was established in 1989 as a public limited company, to cater the investment needs of our economy. ULC provides lease financing facilities to all market segments of customers, Small Medium Enterprises, Commercial Houses, Large Corporate organizations. Under Lease financing They provide; ? Industrial machinery and motor vehicles at concessionary term. ? Machinery and Furniture for Hospital use. ? Truck or Bus for Transportation. ? Equipment or Furniture for Official use. Delta Pharma Limited (DELTA PHARMA) has been propelling steadily towards its goal (Better Careâ⬠¦ Better Cureâ⬠¦ ) since its launch on November 21, 2004. It is a public limited company. Vission The vision is to reach a level of excellence in pharmaceuticals through a sustained effort to quality assurance and to achieve a global standard through the indoctrination of a culture of excellence. Mission Our mission is to benefit people and improve their quality of life through our quality products. As a generic company, our growth is closely knitted to the satisfaction of our customers. We would like to ensure customer satisfaction through providing quality medicine at affordable cost, launching new molecules expediting export to all possible avenues. We are committed to achieving our goal through skilled, creative, and motivated employees. ULC agrees to lease a drug manufacturing machine to Delta pharma company on January 1, 2010. ULC has added following information in the contract: 1. The lease agreement is noncancellable in nature with 6 years time period. 2. There will be no renewable option after lease term. 3. The cost of the machine was tk. 245000 and the fair value of the machine at January 1, 2010 is tk. 245000. 4. Machine will be reverted to the leesor at the end of this term at which time the machine will have scrape value worth tk. 43622 which is ungurrenteed. 5. Delta Pharma will bear the responsibility all executive cost. 6. ULC requires equal rental payment annually beginning January 1, 2010. 7. Collectability of the lease payment is reasonably predictable. There are no uncertainties surrounding the amount of costs yet to be incurred by the ULC. Required calculation by ULC Rental payment calculation Fair market value of the leased asset to lesor tk. 245000 Less: Present of the ungurenteed residual value tk. 24623. 31 (43622X. 56447) Amount to be received through lease payment tk. 220376. 69 Six periodic lease payment (tk. 220376. 69/4. 79079) tk. 46000 United Leasing Company (Lessor) Lease Amortization Schedule Date |Annual lease payment plus |Interest on lease |Recovery of lease |Lease receivable | | |URV |receivable |receivable | | |1-1-10 | | | |245000 | |1-1-10 |46000 | |46000 |199000 | |1-1-11 |46000 |19900 |26100 |172900 | |1-1-12 |46000 |17290 |28710 |144190 | |1-1-13 |46000 |14419 |31581 |112609 | |1-1-14 |46000 |11261 |34739 |77870 | |1-1-15 |46000 |7787 |38213 |39657 | |1-1-15 |43622 |3965 |39657 |0 | Journal entries for ULC Journal entries given by the United Lea sing Company for the first two years: Date |Journal |Amount(tk) | |1-1-10 |Lease receivableâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦. Dr |245000 | | |Equipmentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Cr |245000 | |1-1-10 |Cashâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Dr |46000 | | |Lease Receivableâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦ Cr |46000 | |12-31-10 |Interest Receivableâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Dr |19900 | | |Interest Revenue. â⬠¦.. Cr |19900 | |1-1-11 |Cashâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦.. Dr |46000 | | |Lease Receivable â⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Cr |26100 | | |Interest Receivableâ⬠¦. Cr |19900 | |12-31-11 |Interest Receivableâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. Dr |17290 | | |Interest Revenuâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ ¦. â⬠¦. Cr |17290 | Findings Analyzing this report we have come to terms: 1. Lease plays an important role for business. 2. Easy for business to get lease. 3. Lease agreement may contain less restrictive provisions than other debt agreement. 4. Business finds leasing cheaper than other forms of financing. 5. Business does not report an asset or liability for the lease agreement for financial reporting purposes. 6. It is a contractual agreement. 7. It may be cancellable or no cancellable. 8. Leasing provides business an opportunity to transfer tax benefit to another party. The leasing market is becoming more competitive because of the new leasing companies are entering the market. However, There are still leasing companies are doing well. The political stability and overall economic development is an essential precondition of the smooth growth of this sector. If we can ensure these two preconditions, the leasing sector of Bangladesh would be able to perform a strong role in our industrial development. If we disuses more and more about lease financing, and if we try to spread it among our general public about its advantages, we will go clearly ahead. It is very favorable to apply lease financing in Bangladesh. From above discussion, it is clear that, in many sectors lease financing is better than other financing. If we know about lease financing properly, we can use or we can avail all the advantages of lease financing where other financing is not favorable for us. 1. Brigham, E. F. and M. C. Ehrhardt. 2001. Financial management: Theory and practice. 10th Edition. Singapore. South- Western. 2. Bhole, L. M. 1992. Financial Institutions and Markets: structure, growth and Innovations. 2nd Edition. New Delhi. Tata- McGraw-Hill Publishing Company. Evaluation of studentsââ¬â¢ performance; 3. Horne, J. C. 1999. Financial Management and Policy. [pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic][pic] ââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬âââ¬â Bibliography 05 06 07 07 07 08 09 11 13 18 21 22 22 1. Acknowledgement 2. Executive Summary Background of the report Objective of the report Methodology and sources of information 3. Introduction 4. Lease Financing 5. Advantage and disadvantage of leasing 6. Sources of lease financing 7. A lease contract 8. Findings 9. Conclusion 10. Bibliography TOPIC PAGES A Report on Lease Financing Conclusion The effects of leasing on the firm: A Lease contract of United Leasing company with Delta Pharma Limited Sources of lease financing: Leveraged lease: Advantages and Disadvantages of Lease Financing for Businesses Lease Financing [pic] (Lessee) [pic] (Lessor) How to cite Report on Lease Financing, Papers Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-41498170191746266852020-04-27T01:25:00.001-07:002020-04-27T01:25:02.695-07:00It Is a Flat World, After All Table of Contents Introduction Changes and Perception Power of Technology Current Changes Dangers Associated with Technological Changes Conclusion References Introduction In his article ââ¬ËItââ¬â¢s a Flat World, After Allââ¬â¢, Thomas Friedman (2010) starts by explaining the origin of the phrase ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s a Flat World, After Allââ¬â¢. Further, Friedman (2010) discusses the usage of the expression, and the different meanings derived from the use of the same slogan. At first, Christopher Columbus used the phrase in his report to the Queen, in efforts to explain his voyage to India. From the time of Columbus, Friedman remarks that the phrase has found a new meaning.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on It Is a Flat World, After All specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The phrase is no longer used relative to the geographical physique of the globe, but rather on the fact that many dynamic changes in form of administration, business and communication around the world has made the world to appear flat (Friedman, 2010). According to Friedman (2010), several changes have contributed to the perception of the globe as flat. Ranking high in the list is the technological revolution, which according Friedman has enhanced dynamic changes in restructuring our lives in a way that has never been experienced. Changes and Perception Through scientific revolution, the world has realized the discovery of simpler ways of solving most of the problems that used to take generations to deal with. However, unlike the way Friedman perceives it, knowledge was not discovered at the same time with technology. According to Tsoukas (1997, p.2), what technological revolution has so far managed to change is the way in which people perceive knowledge in terms of information. Tsoukas (1997), remarks that the modern generation is lured into reasoning out that Knowledge just as information exists in isolation of the partaking individual. A distinctive characteristic however between late contemporary cultures is the momentous degree to which they are reliant on knowledge for their performance. Contrary to how information was perceived in pre-modern civilization, knowledge now tends to be comprehended as information, which comprise of objectified, theoretical illustration (Tsoukas, 1997). According to Friedman (2010), many of the consequences associated with technological advancement are well exemplified in the effects of globalization. Through globalization, Friedman (2010) notes that it is possible for a CEO of a multinational corporation located in the US to hold a conference with all the heads of the companyââ¬â¢s subsidiaries in the world. Similarly, the same chief Executive Officer can liaise with as many companyââ¬â¢s customers and distributers while still at the comfort of his office in New York. Friedman (2010) further notes that this has been made possible through video-confe rencing, an achievement that has culminated from advanced technology by the modern generation. Power of Technology In his article ââ¬ËItââ¬â¢s a Flat World, After Allââ¬â¢, Thomas Friedman (2010), conjures an image that the world has single handedly been transformed by the modern state of-the-art-technology. He asserts that all these technological changes have actually been realized in the last 20 years or so. Nevertheless, according to Nathan Rosenberg (1979) in his article, ââ¬Å"Technological Interdependence in the American Economyâ⬠, Technology on its own can never achieve such a feat.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Rosenberg (1979, pp.25-50) remarks that invention, should rather be the world attributed to the current development being witnessed in our current world. Rosenberg (1979) further observes that several inventions, such as that of steam engine, cotton gin, penicillin, radios as well as computers, were the initial factors that led to flattening the world, in as early as the 20th century. Rosenberg (1997, p. 25), differs with Friedmanââ¬â¢s opinion that only technology has revolutionalized the world. Rosenberg (1979) explains that other non-technological forces such as transformation in peoplesââ¬â¢ behaviors, inspiration, and collective organization in addition to exclusive rights have equally played a magnificent responsibility in making the world flat. Through modern communication, Friedman (2010) points out, that the world has been made more flat, and the issue of globalization has been much enhanced. As noted before, the subject of communication technology was in existence as early as the 14th century as noted by Castells (2009, p.30). Castells (2009), comments that though there is a great variation in the way this technology has evolved over time, by 1900 information could as well be disseminated the world over i n a matter of days. By 1924, the distribution rate had eventually been enhanced, with example given in the telegram knowledge, where King George in 80 seconds was capable of communicating with all British protectorates around the world. Current Changes According to Friedman (2010), outsourcing is one of the few essential dimensions that are occurring in our current world. The last few years have witnessed huge investments in the technology industry, with millions of dollars being put in business to enhance Internet connection around the world. Coupled with friendly prices of computers, Friedman explains that many other invention related to computers technology, have been brought into existence and at the service of the world. Such technologies include explosion of emails and advanced search engines such as Google (Friedman, 2010). On a daily basis, Gentzoglanis (2010, p.50) remarks that persons in their millions depend on Google search engine to help them find exacting information f rom the enormous records accessible over the Internet.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on It Is a Flat World, After All specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For individuals who frequent the Internet to seek information, such as researchers, the importance of information technology can never be overstressed. Just a decade ago, Gentzoglanis (2010) notes that Internet was only used by scientists, and talking of the World Wide Web or even the browser that make it easy for users to navigate the web was unheard of. Internet, in particular search engines have made finding the indispensable information much easier and faster, and as such, it has increased the superiority and efficiency of research work. Prior to the development of search engines and the Internet, one had to spend quite a laudable quantity of time scrutinizing and reading numerous volumes of books to find fastidious information. Not only was the procedure time- consuming, but it was also burdensome as one could go through volumes of books before discovering the required information. These days, one only has to type a few words and with a few clicks of a button, the person will access all the information he or she necessitate from an innumerable of sources. Friedman (2010) as well explains that it is not only the searching of information over the Internet that has been modernized by the current technology; Internet has also changed the way we converse. The e-mail expertise has made it much easier to be in touch with friends, business partners and family members irrespective of where they may be on the globe. Once an individual logs into his or her e-mail account, with the clicking of a few buttons, he or she instantaneously send messages to about any place across the earth, or chat right away with a colleague who is also logged in (Friedman, 2010). In comparison to the days when one had to note down a letter, buy stamps and drop it at the p ost office and wait a few days, maybe weeks, before receiving a reply, todayââ¬â¢s communication has to the highest degree been enhanced by the technology revolution. Information technology has also enhanced the levels of literacy in the society by making it much easier to acquire information or news bulletin on news happening anywhere on the planet. One can even obtain real time occurrences by just searching for newsââ¬â¢ websites that disseminate the news live over the Internet.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Dangers Associated with Technological Changes Though it is common knowledge that the Internet technology has had such a great impact in our everyday lives, Friedman (2010) does not however explain or bring out, the danger we are facing relative to this technology. Inasmuch as one may be astonished by benefits associated with such advanced technology, Pylyshyn Bannon (1989, p.530) note that several concerns have as well emerged. The simplicity with which persons can access information, anytime and roughly anywhere has largely affected the reading culture. The Internet and search engines may have enhanced the amount of information we can access and read today, compared to a few decades ago but as explained by Mark (2010, P.35), ready information from the Internet has greatly distorted the approach we take in reading and reasoning out. Mark (2010), in addition, points out that the reading we do over the Internet is more leveled towards the immediate and efficient acquisition of inform ation, and this has weakened our capacity to read and think profoundly as is the situation when one is reading a manuscript or printed material. The significance of possessing outstanding reading expertise cannot be overstated. As Mark (2010, p.35) remarks, this means these people have to edify their minds to translate properly information so they can understand and remember the information. An efficient way to do this is by engaging in depth reading and thinking about what we read. By engaging in a deep reading culture, we will not only be giving support to the development of the circuitry of our brainpower, but also be helping our advancement of the good sagacity of memory and proper interpretation of the equivocal and uncertain information. The Internet has greatly affected this culture and in the present day, most individuals find it to be relatively a challenge focusing or even reading an entire book without the excitement to flip over to a new connection to get a special descr iption of the information. This could easily make one wonder if the benefits that have come with the Internet have led us to lose swiftly our ability to contemplate and think critically, profoundly, and serenely about issues. Apart from effects on our thinking capacity, other concerns on the technology revolution which have not been highlighted by Friedman (2010), in his article ââ¬Å"itââ¬â¢s a Flat World, After Allââ¬â¢, relate to the effects of globalization. Molle (2003, p.37) observes that the fact that the world has been flattened by the technological revolution, also provides high likelihood of one negative effect being distributed from one region to another. Since one may think that information has truly been revolutionalized, not every fact acquired from the Internet can be described as information (Molle, 2003). Some of this information needs a lot of processing to effectively be put in better use without the effect of equivocally and uncertainty. Similarly, Interne t has been made the hub of moral decadency with unlimited of pornographic literature being freely reached. This brings a dark cloud on the numerous benefits associated with the scientific revolution. According to Molle (2003, p.37), due to the revolution of technology, it has become very cheap for one to gain access to the Internet. This fact has made it harder for restriction to be put on who is to reach what on the Internet. As a consequence, the society has been adversely affected, noting that even young people and mostly school going children can nowadays be able to gain access to web enabling phones, and as a result they are equally potential candidates for moral decadency even at such tender age. Khor (2001, P.57) notes that in equal measures, though technology revolution has made it possible for peoples to work literally from their homes, the same technology has resulted in developed countries outsourcing their production and white colored professional to the developing natio ns. Khor (2001, P.57), gives example with people republic of China, which because of technology revolution has been turned into the world factory. Developing nations such as China have been left to handle these roles, due to their large populations, which provide cheap labor and as a result, the aggregate cost of production per unit is reduced (Dewitt Hernandez, 2003, P. 238). The production of such cheap goods by developing countries like China has however not been without some few hitches. Dewitt Hernandez (2003), further note that globalization because of technological revolution has promoted inhuman working condition by workers, Prisoners and children engaged in such production. Silberglitt (2006, P. 216) notes that as a result of technological revolution, which has apparently made the world flat, warfare has been made more destructive. This has been because of more advanced weaponry that is manufactured using the state of art technology. Moreover, it is now possible for army generals to command a battle on the field, millions of miles away. Bolt, et al (2005, P.233) explains that using the help of satellites and other advanced technology, the future warfare will not only be dangerous to the parties involved but the whole world in general. Conclusion Looking critically, Therefore, conclusively one Friedman was right in appreciating how technology has changed our lives. However, his article over emphasizes the role of technology in changing the world and does not give attention to the negative effects of technological advancement and related changes in the world. References Bolt, P., J., Coletta, D., V., Shackelford, C., G., 2005. American defense policy. John Hopkins University Press: Baltimore. Castells, M., 2009.The Rise of the Network Society: The Information Age: Economy, Society, and Culture. John Wiley and Sons publishers: New York. Dewitt, D., B., Hernandez, C., G., 2003. Development and Security in Southeast Asia: Globalization. Ashgate Publish ing, Ltd: Burlington. Friedman, T., 2010. ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s A Flat Word After Allâ⬠. New York Times. Web. Gentzoglanis, A., 2010. Regulation and the Evolution of the Global Telecommunications Industry. Edward Elgar Publishers: Massachusetts. Khor, M., 2001. Rethinking Globalization: Critical Issues And Policy Choices. Zed Books Publishers: New York. Mark, L., 2010. An Introduction to Search Engines and Web Navigation. John Wiley and Sons: Massachusetts. Molle, W., 2003. Global Economic Institutions. Routledge: New York. Pylyshyn, Z., W., Bannon, J., 2010. Perspectives on the Computer Revolution. Intellect Books Publishers: New York. Rosenberg, N., 1979. Technological Interdependence in the American Economy. John Hopkins University Publisher. Silberglitt, R., S., 2006. The Global Technology Revolution 2020, In-Depth Analyses: Bio-Nano-Materials-Information Trends, Drivers, Barriers, And Social Implications. Rand Corporation Publishers: California. Tsoukas, H., 1997. The Tyrann y of Light: The Temptations and the Paradoxes of the Information. Pergamon Publishers: London. This essay on It Is a Flat World, After All was written and submitted by user Leandro M. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-58890362415530380482020-03-19T04:52:00.001-07:002020-03-19T04:52:02.264-07:00Essay on GovernmentEssay Writing ServiceEssay on GovernmentEssay Writing Service Essay on Government Essay on GovernmentThe Congress is responsible to provide and maintain the army, the maintenance of trade relations with foreign nations and regulate fiscal policies to maintain the military and the navy. In this regard, the article The 2014 ââ¬Å"Wastebookâ⬠of Weird Government-Funded Projects, Ranked from ââ¬Å"Well, Okâ⬠to ââ¬Å"Wha?â⬠by Alicia Lu (2014) relates to all those powers of the US Congress granted by the US Constitution and the Article 1, Section 8. In fact, the article provides the critical evaluation of diverse policies conducted by the government, which though have been sanctioned by the US Congress. At this point, it is worth mentioning the fact that the US Congress determines the budget and spending as well as taxes collected in the US. As a result, the ineffective use of public funds is, to a significant extent, the responsibility of the Congress because it was the Congress that granted and ratified the federal budget and all the spending.At th is point, the military spending is particularly frustrating for the average American because the US army has wasted $16 billion on the unneeded ammunition and, what is more, about $1 billion has been spent on the destroying of the unneeded ammunition. In such a way, the US Congress turns out to use public funds ineffectively. This is why the US Congress is currently referred to as one of the most wasteful and ineffective in terms of the government spending. However, the actions and policies conducted by the US Congress do not contradict to the US Constitution and the Congress operates within the framework defined by the US Constitution. The problem is that the US Congress fails to exercise its powers effectively.à à à à à à à à à à à In such a situation, members of the Congress, such as Senators from my state, Texas, John Cornyn and Ted Cruz and representative from my district, Lance Gooden, underperform, at the least. In fact, they apparently fail to perform their functions effectively because they fail to create the balanced budget and prevent the ineffective use of funds by the US government and the military (Irons, 2009). For example, the US Congress could have cut the spending of the federal budget on the US army that would stimulate the US army to save costs and use them more effectively that would lead to the refusal form unneeded ammunition and saving of the public funds. In fact, under Article 1 Section 8 of the US Constitution, it is the power of the Congress to maintain the military and conduct fiscal policies as well as to manage the federal finance. However, the Congress fails to exercise its powers effectively so far.à à à à à à à à à à à The Congress should change its policies and exercise its powers more effectively to help the US to use the public funds more effectively and to prevent the misuse of the public funds. In this regard, the current situation and ineffectiveness of members of the Congres s reveals the fact that the US Constitution cannot make the US Congress effective or ineffective but, instead, the US Constitution creates conditions for the fair use of its powers, while it is the personal responsibility of each member of the Congress to exercise those powers widely and effectively.Thus, the US Congress has considerable powers granted by the US Constitution. However, the Congress does not always uses those powers effectively. Hence, each member of the Congress should bear the personal responsibility for proper exercising of available powers. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-21179721008563429732020-03-02T20:36:00.001-08:002020-03-02T20:36:02.721-08:00Music-Based Improv Games for Young ActorsMusic-Based Improv Games for Young Actors Most improv exercises are intended to expand actors comfort with creating characters, interacting in front of an audience, and thinking on their feet. Few exercises, however, are built around musical comedy. There are a few reasons for this: Musical comedy requires music, and few drama teachers have access to a piano and piano player. Sure, you can play around with recorded music but thats not as easy as it sounds.Musical comedy requires singing, and a surprising number of young actors are very shy about singing. Those students who are not confident in their singing skills may refuse to take part.Musical comedy doesnt generally require the same level of character development as a straight play or even a non-musical comedy. With music and dance to take up the slack, many musicals have stock characters with little motivation and few personal characteristics. So why bother with music-related improv? First: almost every high school in America and many junior high schools produce musicals every spring. If your students plan to take part, theyll need to brush up their musical skills. Second, music is a terrific tool for building internal rhythm and other skills your young actors will need whether or not they ever play a musical lead. The improv activities described here are music-related, but they dont require participants to read music or even to sing! Theme Music Improv This improv activity is suitable for 2 ââ¬â 3 performers. It requires theatrical music to be played while the actors perform. I recommend a simple keyboard and someone who can play impromptu background music. (Nothing fancy is necessary ââ¬â just music that conveys different emotions.) Have the audience members suggest a location. For example: library, zoo, kindergarten class, driving school, etc. The actors begin the scene with a normal, everyday exchange: Hey, Bob, did you get that promotion?Son, I got a call from the principal today.Hello, and welcome to jury duty! Once the conversation is underway, the instructor (or whoever is manning the keyboard) plays background music. The melody can alternate between dramatic, whimsical, suspenseful, western, science-fiction, romantic, and so forth. The actors must then create action and dialogue that matches the mood of the music. Whenever the music changes, the behavior of the characters change. Emotion Symphony This drama exercise is terrific for large groups. One person (perhaps the drama instructor or group leader) serves as the orchestra conductor. The rest of the performers should sit or stand in rows, as though they were musicians in an orchestra. However, instead of having a string section or a brass section, the conductor will create emotion sections. Learn more about how your students can create an ââ¬Å"Emotion Orchestra.â⬠Song Spoofs Itââ¬â¢s not easy to compose original melodies. (Just ask 80s band Milli Vanilli!). However, students can take their first step toward a song-writing career by spoofing existing songs. Form the students into groups (between 2 ââ¬â 4 people). They should then select a song with which they are each familiar. Note: It doesnââ¬â¢t have to be a show tune ââ¬â any Top 40 song will do. The instructor will give the song-writing groups a topic for their song lyrics. Because of the storytelling nature of musical theater, the more conflict, the better. Here are a few suggestions: Getting ââ¬Å"dumpedâ⬠on Prom Night.Being trapped in an elevator.Getting caught shoplifting.Saying goodbye to your dead goldfish.Finding out your grandma is a vampire. Students collectively write as much of the lyrics as they can, hopefully telling a story, or conveying lyrical dialogue. The song could be delivered by one or more characters. When the students present their work to the rest of the class, they can simply read the lyrics to the class. Or, if they feel brave enough, they can perform the newly created number and sing their hearts out! Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-59596786264432747752020-02-15T12:02:00.001-08:002020-02-15T12:02:02.169-08:00BUSN300 Unit 5 IP Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 wordsBUSN300 Unit 5 IP - Research Paper Example It has factories that spread over six continentsà dealingà with the production of automobiles Toyota Business Environment Every organization, regardless of the business they are doing, is exposed to a lot of factors that has an effect on the performance of a company and also the strategies and decision making of an organization. It is therefore important for companies to be informed about these factors since they can have an influence on the plans and strategies of a company Challenges faced by Toyota Motor Corporation Toyota Motor Corporation being an international company faces a lot of legal and business challenges that have affected the strategies, plans and decisions of the organization and also the entire automobile industry. Some of the challenges include: The products of Toyota company are found everywhere in the world and the company supplies its automobiles to various countries globally. Competition is none of the greatest challenge the company has to deal with since th e company is operating in a competitive environment. Factors like the features and quality of the product, research and development time, safety, reliability, pricing, customer service, pricing terms and fuel economy. The company has been offering world class products which have made it to be a leader in the market and its products are facing steep competition. Nevertheless, the company has been leading on the market which led to the company being awarded as the number one company in sales of automobiles. The company was affected by the economic crisis that was experienced in 2008 in the US. Since the company is the leading manufacturer of the automobile, its turnover of over $17 billion was shaken due to this economic downturn. This was attributed to the fall of consumer spending that affected many households. The company was able to survive the economic turmoil since it had other services like biotechnology and other financial services. Furthermore, the company had to let off some temporary workers and also had to reduce car production of automobiles Toyota Company had to recall over 14 million Lexus and CamrySolara models of vehicles which had an acceleration problem. This problem was traced to the vehicle accelerating itself while driving at a low speed. This has increased the number of accidents that have been experienced all over the world. The company was forced to respond to questions that were asked by the customers about the quality of the products. Despite the challenges faced by the company, the management of the company has focused their attention on solving problems and service delivery to the customers. The company had to use the SWOT analysis so as to understand the business Strengths The company has a global production plant in six continents. The company has the capacity to produce the best services as compared to other competitors. The greatest strength of the company is the manufacturing of quality products to the customers. Though some peo pleà areà not be in a position to buy the automobiles of the company, the company still has a growth in its sale due to the production of quality and reliable products. This allows the company to serve both private and commercial organizations therefore dominating in all sectors f the market Weaknesses The company is only focusing on big economies and forgets emerging economies. Opportunities Presence of new technology has facilitated the company in producing Eco-friendly automobiles. The Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-50933334245054967582020-02-02T08:21:00.001-08:002020-02-02T08:21:03.889-08:00Intro to build environment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 wordsIntro to build environment - Essay Example As early as May 1999, even before the actual construction had begun the cost estimates had been revised with additional money required for Site acquisition, demolition and archaeology; Fees, VAT and contingencies; and fit-out, loose furniture, IT, etc, and a figure of 90m for the projected costs of the project was produced. This was immediately revised to 109m as being the estimated cost of the project, including construction cost of 62m (SPCB 1999). The main reasons cited for cost increase were: a) increase in floor area to accommodate additional staff and offices; b) an increase in the amount of circulation space required; and c) changes to the specification for a formal entrance. The time for completion, including all internal fit-outs, was projected as the autumn of 2001. The project was finally completed in 2004 at a cost of 375.8m! There had been major changes to the project specification since the first cost estimate was produced for the project. These included an increase, between December 1997 and February 2000, of 11,240m2 (a 56% increase) in the total gross area (from 20,070m2 to 31,310m2). If one excludes the additional car parking provision, there was, over the same period, an increase of 13,109m2 (an 80% increase) in the gross area (from 16,470m2 to 29,579m2) (all numbers from Spice Briefing, ibid). In relation to the costs, the letter of 10 June 2003 r... In relation to the completion date, the letter of 10 June 2003 stated that the target completion date was still November 2003 but that more detailed information was being sought on this matter. The Auditor General of Scotland, Mr. Black, investigated the reasons for the gross cost overrun and delay in execution of the project. His report looked at questions of cost, how resources had been used and managed, and the overall conduct of procurement. Construction projects often run into problems and fail to meet the desired objective. The objective, in the eyes of the client, can be summarized by stating that it is 'value for money' which implies that, even if the building is not the cheapest, the entire combination of whole-life costs and quality costs is optimal. Uncertainty is an essential element of all projects especially those related to construction. These can be categorised under four broad categories: 1. The scope of the work may change, 2. The quality specifications of the work to be done can change, 3. The costs might escalate, and 4. The time scheduled for completion may not be correct Increased integration between financial and real sectors of the economy, and major capital commitments in the building, means that the poor quality of risk management in construction has perhaps a greater significance at present than at any other time since the 1970s (Flanagan & Norman, 1993). In this report we address the problem of the cost and time over-run that resulted from a faulty procurement system adopted in the construction planning and execution process for the new parliamentary building in Holyrood; in light of the report of the Auditor General of Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-88482918618173802642020-01-25T04:44:00.001-08:002020-01-25T04:44:04.533-08:00The Lure of Polo Through the Years :: Games Sports EssaysThe Lure of Polo Through the Years Dangerous, thrilling, addictiveââ¬âhowever you choose to describe the modern game of polo, you can be sure that someone used those same words thousands of years ago for the same purpose. Polo, as it is played today, is merely a refinement of games played as early as the sixth century B.C. It has been said, in many languages and in many time periods, ââ¬Å"He who plays polo once will sacrifice his money and body to play again.â⬠Polo has survived for over two thousand years; its addiction must be as powerful as players claim. The ââ¬Å"sport of kingsâ⬠is one of the oldest sports still in existence today. In fact, versions of the game were played so long ago that a definite origin of the game cannot be determined. Due to the expense of owning and training the best horses, it was primarily nobles who played the game. Because of this, polo was spread as nations conquered others, and it disappeared in areas as noble classes died. Thus, the game was often born and reborn in so many versions that the term polo (translated from several ancient and modern languages) grew to encompass a wide variety of games involving a stick, ball and players on horseback. Many historians will trace poloââ¬â¢s roots back to Persia (modern day Iran), where the game developed from its most raw and dangerous form. The Persians, who were among the first to domesticate horses and use them in warfare, began playing games on horseback in order to refine their equestrian skills. The game of choice involved any number of players on horseback all attempting to hit a round object with mallets past the other teamââ¬â¢s final players. Sometimes hundreds of players were on each team, and the object they were fighting over ranged from balls, to goats, to decapitated human heads. With so many players and no regulation, polo quickly became a sport in which collisions, ill-trained horses, and human error could easily cause injury and even death. Despite the obvious dangers one encounters while playing polo, it was a popular activity for armies and nobles. For cavalry, polo provided a venue for displaying oneââ¬â¢s athleticism, poise, quick thinking, and boldness. In fact, kings from many nations used polo as an easy way to determine appointments for political and army positions. Often, the best polo players were the only ones who could surpass their natural born social class. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-27259082127125777922020-01-17T01:08:00.001-08:002020-01-17T01:08:03.758-08:00Admission Essay Fashion DesignThere is a unique satisfaction that comes with fulfilling oneââ¬â¢s career life dreams.à Without pursuing the career of oneââ¬â¢s choice, one can never get that unique satisfaction.à As a young child I always admired and appreciated beauty.à I watched hours on end any TV programs which documented fashion design.à I was choosy and very particular with what I would put on, what my friends put on and even the make up I applied.My dad wanted me to study finance and although my heart was not there, I enrolled for a securities finance course which I did well.à However, it has been hard to secure a job in that profession, the market is rather flooded and therefore I have not been able to secure a decent, well paying job. For the past 5 years I have often found myself doing more of fashion designing to earn a daily living than any of the finance duties I studied in college.So far, I have managed to succeed in life by utilizing my talent and informal training gained throu gh interacting with well known fashion designers in Korea. Consequently I have become successful as a fashion designer although I do not have any formal training in fashion design.à I have convictions that if I added formal training to my talent in fashion design I would excel in life. I believe that fashion design has more to it than just making money; it is about lifestyle of a people with a cultural meaning.My dream is to get admission at the school of fashion design, Fashion Institute of Technology, in New York, which is one of the best fashion design schools in the world.à Given the opportunity I will study hard to acquire the necessary skills.I plan to invest back in my country by probably starting a fashion design school in Korea which would serve as a center of excellence in fashion design once I graduate. I really want to get admission into the school of fashion design, Fashion Institute of Technology, New York so as to get the exposure on European, American, Hong Kon g and Japanese fashion designs which are becoming more and more popular in Korea.ReferenceGordon, V.., & Sears, S. (2004). Selecting a college major: Exploration and decision-making (5th ed.). Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-71376817331442541792020-01-08T21:28:00.001-08:002020-01-08T21:28:03.297-08:00Organ Donation Essay - 1469 Words In a world where life expectancy has increased tremendously over the last century because of new technology and medical procedures, we find humanity ever pushing the boundaries on what it can do to prevent loss of life where possible. One example is the area of organ donation and transplantation. However, unlike many other technologies or procedures which can be built, manufactured, or learned, organ transplantation requires one thing that we canââ¬â¢t create yet: an organ itself. Because our increased life span causes more people to require a replacement organ when theirs starts to fail, the demand has far outrun the supply and the future only looks to get worse. ââ¬Å"Between the years 1988 and 2006 the number of transplants doubled, but theâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬Å"I have an organ here that could save a life,â⬠she said. ââ¬Å"Ive got two kidneys, one I could do without. (Case Study) The ethical issue for the majority of people in the U.S. does not seem t o be whether donating organs should be allowed, but instead should someone be compensated for their donation. As described earlier, the U.S. has a major shortage of organs and an even greater shortage is found in some areas of the world. However, countries like Iran have found a way to eliminate their shortage completely. ââ¬Å"Iran adopted a system of paying kidney donors in 1988 and within 11 years it became the only country in the world to clear its waiting list for transplants.â⬠(Economist, 2011) Although this sounds promising, it is important to look at the effects on the organ donor. In a study done on Iranian donors who sold their kidneys, it was found that many donors were negatively affected emotionally and physically after donating and that given the chance most would never donate again nor would they advise anyone else to do so. (Zargooshi, 2001) Additionally, many claimed to be worse off financially after donating due to an inability to work. (Goyal, 2002) To some, this last set of findings would be enough to supersede the benefit of clearing the organ waiting lists. Unfortunately, we must also take into consideration that whether legal or not, organ sales will continue to take place. ââ¬Å"There is already aShow MoreRelated Organ Donation Essay740 Words à |à 3 PagesOrgan Donation Organ donation is a topic which contains many conflicting views. To some of the public population organ donation is a genuine way of saving the life of another, to some it is mistrusted and to others it is not fully understood. There are some techniques that can be used to increase donation. Of these techniques the most crucial would be being educated. If the life threatening and the critical shortage of organs was fully understood by the public, organ donation wouldRead MoreOrgan Donation : Organ Donations Essay1323 Words à |à 6 PagesPreviously organ donation has encountered organ donors and organ supply rejections. Organ donation challenges and demands decreased as the organ shortages increase over the years. Organ donation mission is to save many terminally ill recipients at the end stages of their lives, the significance of the organ donation is to give back to restore oneââ¬â¢s quality of life. The ongoing issues may present an idealistic portrait of how these issues may be resolved. As a result organ donation mission is toRead MoreOrgan Donation. ââ¬Å"Organ Donation Is Not A Tragedy, But It1112 Words à |à 5 PagesOrgan Donation ââ¬Å"Organ donation is not a tragedy, but it can be a beautiful light, in the midst of oneâ⬠(Unknown). There has been many disbeliefs about donating your organs over the years. The organ demand drastically exceeds the available supply, which is why more people need to be organ donors. People should become organ donors because of the limited availability of organs and the chance to save many lives. Although many people think that if you are an organ donor doctors wonââ¬â¢t try as hard toRead MoreOrgan Donation2096 Words à |à 9 Pages stat! 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Well, my cousin was five years old when Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-27349970055631281682019-12-31T17:54:00.001-08:002019-12-31T17:54:04.795-08:00Qualitative Research On The Limited Group Essay - 1452 Words Qualitative research is suitable if the limited group is under examines. The data is relatively short in quantity in this type of study (Trochim, 2001). Caracary (2009) delivers a qualitative study the opportunity to researcher to actively involve himself with organizational process and to comprehend the phenomena behind comparison and confusions. Myers (2007, p.6) acknowledged the qualitative research was produced in social science with specific end goal to support the researcher in studies including cultural and social phenomena. Ahrens et al., (2011) states that semi-structured interviews outline themes. The advantage is that it can give a deeper understanding and provides verbal information which transformed into numerical however, challenges are faced in statistical methods. 2.3 Data collection method When choosing a data collection method for a study, there are various of factors that have been considered. Since all techniques have their strength and weaknesses, it is critical to assess every strategies appropriateness in regard to the study been carried out. The purpose for data collection is due to it is comprised of various sorts of data. Various techniques may be used as part of their request to address the research problems as completely as could reasonably be excepted. It is normal to make a distinction between two type of data, primary and secondary data. The difference between primary and secondary data collection is, a primary data will be gatherShow MoreRelatedA Short Note On Planned Market Research Presentation1393 Words à |à 6 PagesFrom: eswarripradha0607@gmail.com To: ling@barklycollege.com Subject: planned market research presentation Hi Ling, I am sending you the required PPTs for the planned market research presentation. According to the presentation feedback, I have made some changes of the objectives. The newly changed marketing research objectives will be to investigate whether there is any strong demand with the companyââ¬â¢s products and services and to ensure the current provided products are in line with customers preferencesRead More Qualitative and Quantitative Research Essay1660 Words à |à 7 Pagesthe major differences between two research methods ââ¬â Qualitative and Quantitative. I will explore when and why they are used for specific types of research and how they apply to some types of work more effectively. 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This essay will discuss the features of quantitative and qualitative research, and the reason why people believe quantitative research approach is trustworthy than qualitative research approach. Both quantitative and qualitative researches have been used as research approach recently. (What is theRead MoreTraditional Research Methods Of Quantitative And Qualitative Research865 Words à |à 4 PagesTraditional research methods consist of implementing quantitative and qualitative research. Quantitative research utilizes statistical analysis by breaking down components of observation that are compared to other elements (Bergman, M. M., 2008). Qualitative research focuses on investigating the participantââ¬â¢s range of behavior, usually with small groups, which results in descriptive analysis (Bergman M. M., 2008). 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As explored in the review of literature section, the K-12 ecosystem is a complex system with businesses that provide a host of services and products to capitalize on private and public investments to increase technologyRead MoreQualitative Research Advantages And Disadvantages1154 Words à |à 5 PagesResearch Qualitative Research- is used to gain an understanding of underlying reasons, and unravels problems which may come up later. It also provides insights into to current trends, which would be useful as it would show what the band is doing well, or if they are not succeeding you would be able to research into it and work out why. One of the drawbacks would be the small amount of people you are performing the research on would limit the results you get. Therefore the findings would not be Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-49098227641407829032019-12-23T13:41:00.001-08:002019-12-23T13:41:03.093-08:00Informative Speech Outline Essay - 895 Words I, How many of you have been hearing about bullying? As you may hear on TVs or news or people are talking about the rates of bullying is going up from years to years. II, According to a research survey, bullying occurs once every 7 minutes in schools. Due to the National Youth Violence Prevention Center, almost 30% of adolescences in the USA (or over 5.7 millions) are estimated to take part in bullying either bullying, being bullied or both. Also according to a 2007 nationally representative poll by The Workplace Bullying Institute, 37% of US workforce or 54 million employees have been bullied some time during their work time. III, Bullying can affect anyone, so you can gain something from this speech by being informed about bullyingâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦Verbal a. Ways bullies can use language or words to hurt others: name calling, taunting, swearing, spreading rumors, gossip, note writing, laughing at someoneââ¬â¢s mistake, insulting nicknames, hate speech, mocking or imitating, threats, abusive remarks, etc. b. Example: Calling someone crybaby, trout mouth; saying nasty things about someone elseâ⬠¦ 3. Emotional/ Relational: a. Nonverbal: pointing, staring, laughing, making faces, rolling their eyes, making loser signs, or sticking up middle fingers, etc. b. Psychological: excluding, isolating, ignoring or turning their back on someone such as leaving someone out of activities or game, purposely not talking to someoneâ⬠¦ c. Another type of relational bullying is cyber-bullying is now very popular. Bullies can send emails spreading rumors, making vulnerable digital images of someone els e, texting someone mean messages, online exclusion, videotape assault, etc. II, Bullying has extremely great effects on children so I will go into depth about childrenââ¬â¢s effects of bullying A. Educational and mental fear always in the bulliedââ¬â¢s minds. 1. Keeping secrets and fears become phobia: a. Ashamed of being bullied b. Afraid of retaliation if telling an adult c. Donââ¬â¢t think anyone can help d. Donââ¬â¢t think anyone WILL help e. Lie 1. ââ¬Å"The parentââ¬â¢s book about bullyingâ⬠states the real effects are: a. skip schools ( In 2001, TheShow MoreRelatedInformative Speech Outline802 Words à |à 4 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction A. Thanks 1. Thanks professor Tuckerman for the introduction. B. Salutation 1. Good afternoon ladies and gentlemen. C. Ethos 1. What increases heart rate, causes sleep disturbance, makes people cry, act violent, makes some people sleep more and causes untold aches and pains? It s Wednesday! Six hours of homework to do, babysit the little sister, feed the dog, cut the grass, oh and lets not forget your boyfriend is being a jerkRead MoreInformative Speech Outline2182 Words à |à 9 Pageswithout stating to whom these ideas or statements belong to. A student suspected of plagiarism can be given a zero mark, and possibly fail the entire course. Assessment: Impromptu speech 10% Informative speech (15% speech, 5% outline) 20% Show and Tell Poster Session (10% speech, 10% poster) 20% Assignment : Group Interaction 10% Final Examination 40% __________________________________________________________________ Total 100% Read MoreInformative Speech Outline1598 Words à |à 7 PagesSamantha Audiffred Honors Comm 110 Marieke Spiegelhoff Informative Speech Outline 25 February 2015 Audience Analysis (à ½ page) à à à The target audience for the informative speech is the honors communication 110 class and the professor. The class makeup is eight males and twelve females for the 20 students. This is a required course for all students attending UW-Whitewater; therefore, the majors and interests of the students will vary greatly. After an activity polling the class, the most popular ofRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline937 Words à |à 4 PagesEmily Murray Informative Speech Outline General Purpose: To Inform Specific Purpose: To inform my audience how Communication Technology is now the face to face human communication; instant, easily accessible and more convenient but you lose a sense of warmth and meaning when all your communication is conducted electronically. Central idea: Humans have always communicated face-to-face and the use of technology poses cognitive obstacles to communication. The lack of human presence during technology-mediatedRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1491 Words à |à 6 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I canââ¬â¢t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I donââ¬â¢t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like Iââ¬â¢ve been somewhere but I donââ¬â¢tRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1006 Words à |à 5 PagesInformative Speech Final Draft Outline I. Introduction A. Attention getter: How many you have ever had a car accident or someone you care about had a car accident? B. Background and Audience Relevance: According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, in 2015, about thirty-five hundred people were killed, and four hundred thousand were injured in car crashes. Oral Citation 1: NHTSA, govt website, 2015. C. Speaker credibility: Many of my close family members have been in car accidentsRead MoreOutline Informative Speech1502 Words à |à 7 PagesNAME : Syifa Fadhilah Hamid CLASS : 12 DBM SUBJECT : Outline Informative Speech SPECIFIC PURPOSE : to inform my audience about Deja Vu CENTRAL IDEA : to inform my audience about the theory of Deja Vu. Including what, how and the effect about Deja Vu . INTODUCTION: Attention Getter : I canââ¬â¢t remember any things well while I thought something happened to me, I feel like I ever seen something but I donââ¬â¢t know when it was or where it was. And I also feel like Iââ¬â¢ve been somewhere but I donââ¬â¢t know whenRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1175 Words à |à 5 PagesInformative Speech Outline Speech 131 Authorââ¬â¢s Note: This research is being submitted for Title: Taxes Made Easy! Specific Purpose: To inform my audience about how to use the 1040EZ tax form. Central Idea: Today, I hope to make tax season easier for you by demonstrating to you how easy it is to fill out and file the 1040EZ income tax form, if you qualify. Introduction Stanton Delaplane once joked about the IRS, saying he heard it had suggested a simplified tax form with onlyRead MoreInformative Speech : Speech Outline1066 Words à |à 5 PagesInformative Speech Outline I. Introduction a. Attention Material a. Raise your hand if you have or are currently working retail. b. According to Quentin Fottrell, from Market Watch, ââ¬Å"Nearly 4 out of 5 U.S. studentsâ⬠¦ work while in school.â⬠b. Tie to Audience a. Many of you have most likely experienced working retail or know someone who has. c. Credibility a. I recently worked 9 months in Bath and Body Works, so I am well aware of all of the horrors of working in retail. d. Thesis a. Working inRead MoreInformative Speech Outline1104 Words à |à 5 PagesBCOM-3950 October 21, 2015 Informative speech outline Specific Purpose: To inform the audience how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social events. Central Idea: To inform my classmates how to enhance credibility when making conversation at work-related social event by engaging in a conversation, being honesty, and keep confidences. Introduction: I. Today I would like to inform you on how to enhance your credibility when making conversation at work-related Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-81469814744677831102019-12-15T10:10:00.001-08:002019-12-15T10:10:06.276-08:00Toyota Car Crisis Free Essays Halmstad University School of Business and Engineering Master in Management of Innovation and Business Development Toyota Crisis: Management Ignorance? ââ¬â A Swedish Case of Consumers Perceptions Masterââ¬â¢s Dissertation in Management of Innovation and Business Development, 15 ECTS Final seminar 2010-05-27 Authors: Yuanyuan Feng Supervisor: Mike Danilovic Hamlstad University Feng(2010) TOYOTA CRISIS: MANAGEMENT IGNORANCE? ââ¬â A SWEDISH CASE OF CONSUMERS PERCEPTIONS Yuanyuan Feng School of Business and Engineering, Halmstad University, Sweden Abstract Since the late 2009, the famous vehicle manufacture Toyota has suffered a severe crisis due to unintended quality problems in its cars which had triggered Toyotaââ¬â¢s largest officially recalls of its cars around the world. This crisis threatens the companyââ¬â¢s previous reputation of good quality cars, as well as the brand image built up over time. This study aims to elaborate on the Toyota crisis in order to understand why Toyota faces this crisis and how they deal with the crisis; and investigate consumersââ¬â¢ perceptions of Toyota brand as the outcome of the crisis, with a focus on Swedish market. We will write a custom essay sample on Toyota Car Crisis or any similar topic only for you Order Now A qualitative research along with a number of face-to-face interviews with Toyota Swedish dealer and Swedish vehicle consumers is conducted. The findings reveal that the impact of the Toyota crisis in Sweden is not as serious as that in America; there remain satisfied and loyal Toyotaââ¬â¢s customers who are not swayed by the negative publicities; While Toyota should manage the crisis even in a better way in order to retain its good reputation. Crisis, Toyota, Corporate Reputation, crisis management, consumer perception Key Words INTRODUCTION We deeply regret the inconvenience and concern caused to our customers and others by our recent recalls of multiple vehicle models across multiple regions. â⬠ââ¬â Aki Toyoda, the CEO of Toyota Motor Corporation1 (Toyota website). Since the above apologetic speech was addressed by Aki Toyoda at a press conference in February 2010, it had been highlighted at the front page of Toyotaââ¬â¢s official website for a few months. Beside t he regretful expression we can learn from this public release, it also implies that the Toyota, one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest automakers, is suffering in their recent recalls of millions of vehicles round the globe. Safety recalls are common issues occurring in automobile industry, few may have long run impact on the automakers involved if handled correctly. However, in this case, the disaster engulfing Toyota is of a different order (The Economist, Feb. 6, 2010). Toyotaââ¬â¢s quality brand has been at a risk due to its sedansââ¬â¢ safety problems sequentially emerged recently. 1 Toyota Motor Corporation is the full name of the company, however, in this article the word ââ¬Å"Toyotaâ⬠will be used instead of Toyota Motor Corporation in order to make it short. Hamlstad University Feng(2010) In 2008 Toyota became the worldââ¬â¢s largest carmaker when it successfully exceeded General Motors in sales and production. However, this leading position of Toyota had changed since the end of 2009. In United States, Toyotaââ¬â¢s largest marketplace, a fatal crash of a Lexus ES 350 happening on August 28th 2009 was highly publicized, due to the gas pedal was stuck and the car was out of con trol (Los Angeles Times, Oct. 25, 2009). Since then, Toyotaââ¬â¢s vehicles have been largely exposed to a series of issues associated with unintended acceleration problems, which had triggered Toyotaââ¬â¢s escalating crisis and its massive recalls of approximately 9 million vehicles globally within six months. For Toyota, this is indeed a tragedy not only related to heavy financial losses due to repairing costs, market share lost and production suspending, but also to Toyotaââ¬â¢s reputation for matchless quality and management. The firmââ¬â¢s reputation for quality cars, on which the business was built over time, is shattered. Problem Discussion Toyota has long been regarded as the pinnacle of Japanese innovation, manufacturing quality and industrial pioneer (The Economist, Feb 13, 2010). Its vehicles are well known for economy, reliability and fuel efficiency. Its ââ¬Ëleanââ¬â¢ manufacturing techniques and culture of continuous improvement were the envy of the business world (ibid). It is absolutely astonishing that Toyota has been embroiled in such a serious quality issues with its vehicles. Just within six months, almost 9 million cars have to be taken back for modification under the potential problems with floor mat, acceleration pedals, and braking, all of which were related to unintended acceleration problems by publics. As we know, cars nowadays have become more complicated in features and functionality. The growing numbers of wires, sensors and computer chips embedded in auto electronics have profoundly changed the automobile in the last decade (Krisher, 2010). As more and more hi-tech systems are fitted to modern cars, it has become more and more perplexing in quality-control testing along with troublesome interferences and uncertainties. Any small electronic flaws randomly happened in the complicated machine, as well as the influence of environmental factors, can easily lead to a failure of a car. In the Toyota crisis, we would wonder if the massive recalls were simply as a result of mechanical problems that could happen in any automaker potentially, or were caused by other errors of the company that can be avoided in term of their technology and management. No matter how, the recalls stories made the headlines worldwide. Especially in United State, Toyota has received unprecedented attentions from mass media, most of which have published a lot of negative news related to this issue, questioning to the quality problems of Toyotaââ¬â¢s car and its reputation. Negative events usually come unexpectedly with the potential to bring an organization into reputational crises and thereby imperil its future profitability, growth, and survival (Greyser, 2009). Whether the negative impacts are immediate or sustained over months and years, crises would probably affect both internal and external stakeholders of the company (Weiner, 2006). Suffering in such disaster, Toyota has taken action to manage the crisis, in order to retrieve their reputation and rebuild trust from stakeholders, especially the most important groups ââ¬â consumers. Toyota has been in the hot center of coverage in United State, where the crisis is originally initiated. While, other countries involved in Toyota recall issues seem to pay less attention to this event than that of North America. Since the recalls have been conducted across regions globally not only in North America, it would be interesting to see how vehicle consumers in non-American regions perceive the crisis and the Toyota brand. 2 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) Purpose and Research Questions With the above problems in mind, this study aims to elaborate on the Toyota crisis in order to understand why Toyota faces this crisis and how they deal with the crisis. This can be achieved through a detailed overview on what have happen in Toyota related to the crisis on a general level, as the recalls had been released globally. Moreover, the purpose of this research is also to investigate consumersââ¬â¢ perceptions of Toyota brand as the outcome of the crisis. To be specific in this aspect, Swedish market will be the focus of the research where Swedish vehicle consumers are examined. Accordingly, the research questions can be set as following: What are the reasons that force Toyota coming to the troublesome crisis? How does Toyota handle this crisis in order to retrieve its reputation? What are the Swedish consumersââ¬â¢ perceptions of Toyota brand as the outcome of the crisis? Although this research is inspired by an empirical case, the findings would also help to develop our understanding on how an organization can more effectively respond to crises, as well as building new knowledge to the area of corporate reputation and crisis management. It can also draw practical implication for crisis managers in auto motor and other industries. RESEARCH METHOD This study is done in a way of focusing on the Toyota case, it is therefore a case study that has an emphasis on empirical finding. Through empirically studying the Toyota crisis, which typically represents organizational crisis, the intent of this research is to develop an understanding of organizational response to crises and brand images management in auto motor industry and other industries. An explorative research along with descriptive characteristic is thus employed, by raising open questions to illustrate the crisis phenomenon and try to explore relatively new knowledge for organizational crisis management. A qualitative strategy is selected for formulating questions, purpose and gathering data. Characteristics of this approach are closeness to the respondents, to capture their values, attitudes and perceptions based on their own words and meanings (Bryman and Bell, 2007). According to the study purpose and the research questions placed above, this research is conducted from two perspectives: the Toyota itself on a general base and the vehicle consumers in a specific market. When formulating the purpose and research questions, here raise a problem with the selection of consumer respondents. Although the Toyota crisis occurs on a global level, it is impossible to conduct the research targeting consumers in all the markets around the world. Furthermore, compared to the United States where triggered the crisis and dominantly receive extensive coverage negatively related to Toyotaââ¬â¢s stumble, other countries and regions that are involved in the recalls are less focused and could present more pertinent opinions toward this issue. Consequently, in order to gain more reasonable insights, I would like to look into a specific market instead of American market. Since I live in Halmstad city of Sweden, the sampling respondents ââ¬â Toyota dealer and vehicle consumers ââ¬â will be targeted within Halmstad city, for the purpose of convenient location to conduct the research. 3 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) In order to elaborate on the Toyota crisis, secondary data associating with Toyota crisis on global level is examined and collected initially through different sources, such as media coverage, official releases from government regulatory bodies, criticsââ¬â¢ comments in journals, and Toyota official websites. This is done to provide an overview on what exactly happen in Toyota connected to the crisis basically. In addition, to be more specific, primary data collection is considered significantly critical since it is a more exploratory-oriented study. In this research, face-to face interview manner, which is one of the most important sources for a case study (Yin, 1994), is employed to investigate the reflections toward this crisis both from Toyotaââ¬â¢s dealer and vehicle consumers in Halmstad city. Consequently, in Toyota dealer store which is named as Toyota Center in Halmstad, a face-to face Interview with the sales executive is conducted, lasting about 40 minutes by following a semi-structure interview guide (see Appendix I). On the other hand, the consumer respondents are randomly targeted by separating into two distinct groups: 1) Toyota customers, who own Toyota cars or have the intention to buy a Toyota car, are found when they are visiting in Toyota dealer store; 2) other consumers, who are using other randsââ¬â¢ car, are randomly selected in some gasoline stations or large parking places in Halmstad city. It might be interesting to make comparison between these two consumer groups for the possibility to draw valuable insights on consumersââ¬â¢ perception of Toyota brand and the crisis. As a result, total 21 consumer respondents are interviewed (9 Toyota consumers and 12 other brandsââ¬â¢ consumers). The interviews with consumer respondents last with a range of time from 3 to 6 minutes respectively. Although pre-designed interview guides are used as well (see Appendix II III), questions for consumers are asked flexibly and may not follow on exactly in the way outlined on the schedule (Bryman and Bell, 2007). This is to allow the consumer interviewees to have a great deal of leeway in how to reply according to specific situations (ibid). Despite the collected numbers of consumer respondents are too small to cover the whole sampling population in terms of generalization, itââ¬â¢s important to note that this research is not aimed to simply generate a universalized outcome covering the whole Swedish vehicle consumers. Instead, it intends to capture consumer respondentsââ¬â¢ cognitive and affective values, attitude and perception, to explore new insights based on their own words. Their responses collected on a face-to-face interviews basis are therefore considered as valid and reliable to achieve this inclination, as well as to some extent standing for what the Swedish vehicle consumers really perceive toward the Toyota crisis. LITERATURE REVIEW When facing a crisis the former and present reputation of a firm would be shaken, and it might be twisted in something unfavorable for the organization. How a firm communicatively responds to the crisis can influence its stakeholdersââ¬â¢ perceptions of the corporate reputation, and in turn impact their future purchase intentions. In this part, theoretical literature regarding corporate brand and reputation, crisis management and consumer perception about the post-crisis outcomes are mainly reviewed in order to serve as pre-understanding knowledge for better analyzing the Toyota case later on. Corporate Branding and Reputation A brand can convey a numbers of facets, such as attributes, benefits, values, ulture, personality, and user identity (Kotler, 2003). Through a set of symbols and characteristics a brand convey, consumers 4 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) can easily identify what a brand stand for, what value it represents, how it differentiate from others. Corporate branding draws on the traditions of product branding with the same objective of creating differentiation and preference to customers, while it involves more compl ex activities at organizational level, and requires to manage interactions with multiple stakeholder audiences (Knox and Bickerton, 2003). Branding on corporate agenda has been increasingly recognized as a strategic tool that leads to a dramatic extension of the applications and scope of branding (ibid). Urde (2003) emphasizes that the importance of core values created in corporate branding process, in which the core values are linked to organizational mission, vision, culture and organizational values, all of which affect the brand architecture, product attributes, brand positioning and communication strategy. Consumers tend to identify with the personification of brands through the association of the companies or brands to traits such as values, characteristics, attitudes, and ideals. Therefore, to personify the corporate brand, the impressions that the communication creates must be consistent with the values that the company claims to stand for (Urde, 2003). In addition, Benefit associations provide a central reason for consumerââ¬â¢s choice of a specific brand over other in the category (Dawar and Lei, 2009). To gain customer-based brand equity the consumers must be aware of, and familiar with, the value offering (brand awareness), and hold brand associations that are strong, favorable and unique in comparison with other brands offered in the same category (brand image) (Petruzzellis, 2010). Corporate reputation is the cornerstone in corporate branding. It is of significant importance to all organizations, regardless of being commercial, governmental, or not-for-profit organizations (Watson, 2007). Essentially, orporate reputation is an aggregate evaluation made by stakeholders of how well a company is meeting stakeholderââ¬â¢s expectations based on its past behaviors (Wartick, 1992). The value of a brand is determined by both its tangible and intangible assets, and brand image and reputation forms a critical part of the intangible assets (Wang, 2005). Fill (2006) suggests that reputations are developed over time from the image, and it is more embedded and stable; while image is more t ransient and can be instantaneous and reality superficial. Watson (2007) argues that reputation does not occur by chance, it relates to leadership, management, and organizational operations, the quality of products and services, relationships with stakeholders, and communication activities and feedback mechanisms. A favorable corporate reputation can convince the undecided to choose a certain product or service and dissuade existing customers from moving to a competitor; whereas a damaged reputation can be irreparable and, in extreme cases, lead to a companyââ¬â¢s downfall (Oââ¬â¢Rourke, 2004). Fombrun (1996) claims that in order to build a favorable reputation four attributes need to be developed: credibility, trustworthiness, reliability and responsibility. Everything an organization does, and does not do, has a direct impact on their reputation (Dolphin, 2004). Stakeholders will develop expectations as to how the firm will act in a given situation. When customerââ¬â¢s expectations are satisfied, they will feel safety, credibility, and security as perceived value in this relationship, which all together increase trust and then enhance customerââ¬â¢s loyalty (Ravald and Gronroos, 1996). However, failure to meet those expectations may cause a negative reputational impact. Furthermore, despite firms have achieved overall and continued marketing success, it would appear that the reputation of corporate brands can be tarnished when facing crises (Fill, 2006). Therefore, reputation may offer both benefits and challenges to organizations. Nevertheless, the strength of the brand, as well as the managementââ¬â¢s 5 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) flexibility and willingness to be open and transparent with questioning publics, can protect the organizationââ¬â¢s reputation in the long run (ibid). Crisis Management In such business environment the need of a robust, corporation-wide plan to deal with unexpected crises is required. Crisis management researches investigate the essences of organizational crises and how appropriate organizational response influences post-crisis outcomes for the entity involved (De Blasio and Veale, 2009). Through crisis management planning and implementation, organizations can be better prepared to deal with unforeseen events that may cause serious or irreparable damage (Zhao and Fan, 2007). Threats of Crisis Crises are rare events that disrupt the normal operations of an organization, with knocks on the implications for its assets, its future relationships with a companyââ¬â¢s stakeholders and which threaten the very survival of the organization (Carroll, 2009). Crises are seen as threats to the organizational reputation, and could harm an organizationââ¬â¢s future profitability, growth and possibly its survival (Tucker and Melewar, 2005). The extent to which a crisis threaten corporate reputation is rather complex. Some crises can be sudden and unexpected while others can be the result of problems that festered over time (Greyser, 2009). A business might face local citizens, competitors, industry commentators, statutory bodies, pressure groups, the media and academics as influencers of its reputation (Tucker and Melewar, 2005). Greyser (2009) proposes some typical sources of corporate brand crises, which are caused by: product failure, social responsibility gap, corporate misbehavior, poor business results, executive misbehavior, poor business results, loss of public support, and controversial ownership, etc. Tucker and Melewar (2005) argue that news media and internet are certainly a substantial threat to any corporate reputation since the public are more sensitive to a corporate scandal. When a crisis emerges, a wide range of stakeholders are adversely affected by a crisis including community members, employees, customers, suppliers and stockholders (Coombs, 2007). Most stakeholders will learn about a crisis through news reports and online social media, therefore the news media and the internet play a critical role in affecting peopleââ¬â¢s perception in a crisis (ibid). The headline-hungry media has vicarious appetite for obtaining newsworthy material. Their claims often go unchallenged if there is a possibility to create a sensational story (Tucker and Melewar, 2005). There is also the temptation for journalists to sensationalize any ââ¬Ëcorporate gossipââ¬â¢ which they might hear, in order to maximize their own revenues, especially in the powerful news (ibid). As a result, crises pose certain risks to an company ââ¬â potentially affecting critical aspects like reputation, image, brand equity, credibility, publicity, financial viability, legitimacy, community standing, etc. Smudde, 2001). The more respected a firmââ¬â¢s reputation the more sensational a corporate scandal will be and so these firms are subjected to the most intense scrutiny (Tucker and Melewar, 2005). A corporate reputation needs to be stable and consistent, if it is to withstand the scrutiny of many factors influencing it (Greyser, 2009). If a reputation shift from fav orable to unfavorable, stakeholders can change how they interact with a corporate, and they may even server 6 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) ties to the organization and/or spread negative word of mouth about the organization (Coombs, 2007). Crisis Communication Strategies When facing a crisis, how the company handles the crisis and what the reputation of the company is viewed by stakeholders may imply whether the firm can survive/recover or not. Itââ¬â¢s critical for organizations to recognize what is the issues generating the reputational threats, who is/are involved, and figure out what and how to respond the crisis (Greyser, 2009). In crisis management, corporate communication is widely acknowledged to play the key role in overcoming crises and repairing reputation. Sturges et al. (1991) suggest that communication content as a component of crisis management must meet three needs depending on different objectives: 1) instructing information tells stakeholders how they should behave in a crisis context; 2) adjusting information allows affected stakeholders to cope with the emotional aspects of crisis; 3) internalizing information is absorbed by stakeholder members and forms the basis for long-term judgments about the organizationââ¬â¢s image as it endures a crisis. This is supported by Coombs (2007), who argues that since a crisis causes uncertainty and stress for the stakeholders, companies need to be more open with sincere information to their stakeholders in order to helps them cope with the psychological threat from the crisis; furthermore, stakeholder want to know what corrective actions are being taken to protect them from similar crises in the future and thereby reduce their psychological stress. When examining the role of corporate communication in crisis situations, the theory of image restoration have become perhaps the most dominant paradigm in this field (Dardis and Haigh, 2009)). Based on image restoration theory, Benoit (1995, cited in Fortunato, 2008) identifies a typology of five main communication strategies that can be used to restore image and reputation in face of crises: (1) Denial strategy ââ¬â the organization attempts to remove any connection between the organization and the crisis by claiming that there is no crisis and offers a simple denial that it did not perform the act in question. 2) Evasion of responsibility ââ¬â the organization attempts to reduce responsibility for the crisis by claiming that it was either forced into the crisis by another culprit and its inability to prevent the crisis that causes a mistake, or there were good intentions in its act. (3) Reducing the offensiveness of the crisis ââ¬â the organization attempts to minimize perceived damage caused by the crisis and reinforce the good traits of the organization by creating a more complete context with which the organization should be evaluated. 4) Corrective strategy ââ¬â the organization implements steps to solve the problem and prevent a repeat of the crisis by taking corrective actions; (5) Mortification strategy ââ¬â the organization takes full responsibility for the crisis and asks for forgiveness. Based on Benoitââ¬â¢s typology, Coombs (2007) characterizes crisis response strategies by their level of acceptance by critical stakeholders. He identifies a full apology as having very high acceptance, where the organization takes responsibility for the crisis and requests forgiveness from stakeholders. There is also high acceptance for corrective action, where the organization conveys a notion that actions are being taken to prevent a recurrence of the crisis; while a denial strategy has no 7 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) acceptance even when the crisis occurred or attacking the accuser (Fortunato, 2008). However, in rumor and challenge crises, managers need to deny and argue that there is no ââ¬Ërealââ¬â¢ crisis (Coombs, 2007). To effectively implementing different kinds of response strategies, crisis management often has a strong focus on public relations to recover any damage to public image and assure stakeholders that recovery is on-going. Public relations is defined as the practice of managing communication between an organization and its publics (Huang, 2004). It enables the organization to expose themselves to stakeholders by using topics of public interest and news items. It is usually conducted in communication activities including speaking at conferences, working with social media, interacting with stakeholders, etc. In public relations, researchers also argue the need to form en executive ââ¬Ëcrisis-handling teamââ¬â¢ directing to crisis response. Because the crisis-handling team can provide access to detailed crisis plans, control knowledge in terms of tactics, empirically established relationships, propositional facts, and strategies for making use of factual and procedural knowledge (Nunamaker, Weber and Chen, 1989, cited in Hale, 1997). In addition, the role of CEO is recognized to be important spokesman in crisis communication, as corporate reputation and CEO reputation are increasingly intertwined and the CEO is inevitably cast in the role of chief communicator (Watson, 2007). Therefore, what an organization says and does during/after a crisis can affect a variety of important crisis communication outcomes including the organizational reputation, anger, negative word-of-mouth, and account acceptance (Coombs and Holladay, 2009). Choosing appropriate crisis communication responses mitigating negative consumers, public and stakeholdersââ¬â¢ perceptions are critical to managing corporate reputation (De Blasio and Veale, 2009). Consumer Perception of the Post-Crisis Outcomes As mentioned above, how effectively a company deals with a crisis will influence the post-crisis outcomes related to its survival or recovery. The more acceptable the crisis communication strategies are to consumers, the less serious outcomes occur to the company. In addition, the post-crisis outcomes perceived by consumers are also determined by other factors, such as consumer attribution of crisis responsibility, and companyââ¬â¢s prior image and reputation, which will be discussed as follows: Crisis Seriousness and Crisis Responsibility According to Coombs and Holladay (2002), the evaluation of a crisis situation and its reputational threat to a company is largely a function of consumersââ¬â¢ attributions of crisis responsibility, which implies how much consumers believe organizational actions caused the crisis, and whether the crisis was accidental (e. . , technical error) or intentional actions (e. g. , human errors) by the organization. They identify the relationship between attributions of crisis responsibility and the threat to reputation through a range of crisis types, which are classified into three clusters based on attribution of crisis responsibility: 1) the victim crises (e. g. , natural disaster, rumor, workplace violence and product tampering), in which the company is regarded as a victim of the crises and thus is attributed to have low level of crisis responsibility; 2) the accidental crises (e. g. technical-error accidents, technical error, product harms and challenges) are considered unintentional or 8 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) uncontrollable by the organization, and thus cause moderate attributions of organizational responsibility; 3) the preventable crises (e. g. , human-error accident, human-error product harm and organizational misdeed) are viewed as intentional and inappropriate actions taken by organizations to place people at risk, or violate a law/regulation, thus lead to high attributions of crisis responsibility (Coombs and Holladay, 2002; Coombs, 2007). Crisis responsibility is negatively related to corporate reputation (Coombs, 2007). The more responsible an organization is held to be for a crisis, the more negative the perceptions and the greater the damage to brand, image and reputation (De Blasio and Veale, 2009). Hence, a preventable crisis which leads to greatest attributed crisis responsibility in turn results in the greatest harm to organizational reputation (ibid). Crisis responsibility triggers affective reactions as well as being a reputational threat, especially the intentional crisis cluster (Coombs, 2007). Negative emotions can cause stakeholders to criticize a company (engage in negative word of mouth) or to cease interactions with the organization (ibid). The more serious a crisis is perceived to be, the more involved the public become, the more negative emotions are triggered and, subsequently, the greater damage posed to organizational reputation (De Blasio and Veale, 2009). The Effect of Favorable Prior Brand Image and Reputation Researchers have demonstrated that good prior brand image and reputation have the potential to protect a company from harm caused by crises (Dawar and Pillutla, 2000; Coombs and Holladay, 2006; Dawar and Lei, 2009). When encountering negative publicity, consumers differentially weight aspects of the crisis information, such as the dangers of the product and the firmââ¬â¢s responsiveness, depending on their prior expectations (Dawar and Pillutla, 2000). The informational basis and other strength-related characteristics of a prior attitude will influence subsequent judgments and evaluations (Pullig, Netemeyer and Biswas, 2006). Dawar and Lei (2009) suggest that consumers perceive familiar brands to carry less ââ¬Å"responsibilityâ⬠for the crisis, because when a crisis occurs at a familiar brand, consumersââ¬â¢ direct or indirect experiences with the brand will allow them to easily retrieve he pro-attitudinal information, which in turn reduces the influence of the crisis information. Therefore, the positive prior evaluations of familiar brands create a hypothesis-confirming context in which consumers interpret crisis information, leading to diminished negative impact on brand evaluations (Dawar, and Pillutla, 2000). In this way, Consumersââ¬â¢ existing positive expectations may provide firms with a form of insurance against the potentially devastating impact of crisis (ibid). By linking benefit association with a brand, Dawer and Lei (2006) argue that the perceived seriousness of a crisis and the impact of the crisis on brand evaluations are a function of the relevance of the crisis to the brandââ¬â¢s key benefit associations. Since benefit association provide a central reason for consumerââ¬â¢s choice of a specific brand over other in the category, consumers may assess how seriously the crisis damages the brand depending on how relevant the crisis is to the key associations (Dawer and Lei, 2006). The less relevant the crisis is to the key associations, the less serious the crisis is perceived, the fewer damages occur to the brand image. In addition, proposed by Coombs and Holladay (2006), a favorable prior reputation can act as halo effect that protects an organizationââ¬â¢s reputation during a crisis in two aspects: 1) halo as benefit of the doubt, which means if a consumer holds a general favorable view of the company, the consumer might assign the company less crisis responsibility which in turn result in less reputational damage 9 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) from the crisis; 2) halo as shield, which serves as a part of the larger psychological phenomenon of expectancy confirmation, emphasizing that stakeholders will focus on the positive aspects of the organization and ignore the recent negative information created by the crisis. In these ways, a good prior reputation perceived by consumers plays as halo effect that has the potential to reduce its attributed crisis responsibility and dismiss the impact of the crisis on the brand (Coombs and Holladay, 2006). Therefore, the stronger and more positive the organizational image and reputation, the more resilient it may be to potential damage to its reputation. Post-crisis Reputation and Buying Intention On a macro-level, an organization is expected to suffer some loss in reputation capital from a crisis (Coombs and Holladay, 2006). As discussed above, how much reputational damage occur and how about the post-crisis reputation looks like in the mind of consumers may mainly rely on how the consumers perceive the companyââ¬â¢s prior reputation and brand image, attributed crisis responsibility, and its handling of the crisis (Coombs, 2007). The more positive these aspects they have perceived, the less negative post-crisis reputation they declare, and the more likely they generate positive attitude and behavioral consequences for the company, such as, loyal attitude, buying intentions; vice versa (ibid). Consumersââ¬â¢ overall perceptions towards a company in the context of crisis can affect consumerââ¬â¢s trust in that company and its product and service (De Blasio and Veale, 2009). According to Morgan and Hunt (1994), trust is one of the most important moderators of long-term relationship; it plays an important role in developing loyalty. Corporate reputation is rooted in trust and ethically shaped over time, and can be a highly visible signal of an organizationââ¬â¢s capabilities and reliability providing information about future performance (Dolphin, 2004). When consumers hold good overall perceptions about the affected company, they are likely confident that the company will correct its mistakes from the crisis and has the capability to perform better in the future, on the basis of their trust beliefs. Trusts are developed in relationship, where consumers have direct interactions with the company over times. Such consumersââ¬â¢ experience-based beliefs are powerful, it reinforce and strengthen the brand meaning with existing customers, generate positive word-of-mouth, and stimulate new customer trials (Berry, 2000) TOYOTA CASE FINDINGS Toyota is the one of the worldââ¬â¢s largest automakers, based in Toyota, Aichi, Japan. Since its establishment in 1937 in Japan, Toyota has a long history of building safety, reliable and high quality vehicles. Today, the company manufactures vehicles and parts at 53 production sites in 27 countries and regions around the globe, with a variety of sub-brands categories such as Lexus, Yaris, Corolla, Camry, Toyota trucks, and the worldââ¬â¢s first gas/electric hybrid Prius, etc. (Toyota website). Its vehicles have been well known for quality, reliability and fuel efficiency. Recent years, Toyotaââ¬â¢s fast global expansion made it successfully exceed General Motors in production and sales in 2008 to become the worldââ¬â¢s largest automaker. Its success has long been regarded as the pinnacle of Japanese innovation, manufacturing quality and industrial strength (The Economist, Feb 13, 2010). Its ââ¬Å"leanâ⬠manufacturing techniques and culture of continuous improvement were the envy of the business world (ibid). This pioneering lean manufacturing technique includes continuous process improvement, flexible production with just-in-time principle, and removing waste without removing 10 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) value (Angel, 2008). So far, America has become Toyotaââ¬â¢s largest market, where Toyota is rank as one of the top-selling brands (Toyota USA website). Toyota Crisis Overview However, Toyotaââ¬â¢s leading position has changed since the end of 2009. A highly publicized fatal crash of a Lexus ES 350 happening on August 28th, 2009, which killed four passengers of a family inside the car in United States (Los Angeles Times, Oct 25 2009), has triggered Toyotaââ¬â¢s largest officially recalls and brought Toyota to the crisis misery. So far, Toyota has announced recalls of approx 9 million vehicles globally across a wide range of its sub-brands (Toyota website), due to problems associated with ââ¬Å"unintended accelerationâ⬠. According to Stewart (2010), Toyota has a full-blown crisis on its hands, but the problem has been compounded by a long-delayed and less-than-reassuring response from Toyota. By looking back from the beginning of the horrific Lexus accident, quality complaints and safety problems involved in Toyota vehicles have been brought to light with the increasing investigations by The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) in North America. Toyota American Sales organization (TMS) previously attributed the problem in the Lexus to an incompatible floor mat that may potentially interfere with accelerator pedal (Los Angeles Times, Oct 25th 2009). They issued a public safety advisory on Sep 29th 2009 inform the owners of specific Toyota and Lexus models of the ill-fitting floor mat problem, and then followed by the first large-scale recall announcement in November 2009 for remedy of this problem (Toyota USA Newsroom). However, Toyotaââ¬â¢s explanation of ill-fitting floor mats was questioned by NHTSA, stating that the problem was ââ¬Å"related to accelerator and floor-pan designâ⬠(Stewart, 2010). Consequently, the problem of gas pedals that get stuck led to Toyotaââ¬â¢s second large recalls of 2. 3 million vehicles in U. S. market, as well as the third recall announcement of 1. 8 million vehicles in European markets in January 2010. Meanwhile, Toyota released the decision about temporarily suspending production at most of its North American plants and halting sales of eight popular models in U. S. market (Toyota USA Newsroom). These issues put Toyotaââ¬â¢s reputation at a high risk. Suspicion and criticism toward Toyota were full of headline among mass media, especially in North America. By late January 2010, Toyota began issuing apologies and promises to do better; its engineers brought up a fix for the accelerator pedals and began rushing it to dealers around the world (Welch, 2010). In face of the blame from mass media presses, Toyota maintained that the recalls and actions were taken voluntarily rather than the insistence from NHTSA, with the intention to ââ¬Å"help ensure the safety of our customers and restoring confidence in Toyotaâ⬠, according to Group Vice President and Toyota Division General Manager Bob Carter (Toyota USA Newsroom). Subsequently, Jim Lentz, president of Toyotaââ¬â¢s U. S. organization TMS, apologized for the recall and acknowledged it was embarrassing for the company that built its reputation on the reliability of its vehicles (Linebaugh, Mitchell and Wakabayashi, 2010). Despite Toyota announced remedy solutions to fix the recalled cars, fresh reports of sudden-acceleration incidents continued to crop up from American Toyota owners involving vehicles excluded in the recalls, raising suspicions that whether the company has identified all of the factors that could cause unintended acceleration, which was closely linked to a failure of vehicleââ¬â¢s heart ââ¬Ëthe vehicle electronic throttle control systemââ¬â¢ (ibid). In a conference call with reporters, Mr. Jim Lentz gave explanation that ââ¬Å"these two fixes solve the issues that we know 11 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) f,â⬠and ââ¬Å"we have done exhaustive testing, and we have found no evidence of problems with the electronicsâ⬠(ibid). Akio Toyoda, Toyotaââ¬â¢s CEO, issued his public apology candidly at a news conference in Tokyo on Feb 5th 2010, emphasizing that they will ââ¬Å"go back to the basics of ââ¬Å"customer firstâ⬠and ââ¬Å"genchi genbutsuâ⬠(means ââ¬Ëgo to the source to find the problemââ¬â¢) by improving products quality around the world. He added that he will be the head of a global quality task force newly formed to lift quality standards within the company (Toyota Website). However, bad news seemed not to end up. Toyotaââ¬â¢s tragedy were aggravated again with their further recall announcements in February 2010 including: the Hybrid vehicles containing the celebrated Prius with antilock brake problems in Japan and American markets; and the Tacoma trucks with drive shaft problems in American regions (Toyota USA website). After years of being the benchmark for quality, Toyota has been losing its edge even as its rivals catch up (Welch, 2010). Some analysts estimated that the immediate impact of Toyotaââ¬â¢s global recalls and sales stoppages could cost Toyota more than $2 billion USD (Trottman and Mitchell, 2010; Businessweek. om). Meanwhile Toyota could be forced to spend considerable amounts on advertising, sales incentives and legal bills (Linebaugh et al. , 2010). Moreover, Toyota has been blamed for its misreading and mishandling of the crisis. The longer-term damage to the automakerââ¬â¢s brand could be much larger, according to Linebaugh et al. (2010). To respond those negative issues, Toyota maintains that they never misled regulators and they properly responded to potential safety problems (Linebaugh, et al. , 2010). Weââ¬â¢re committed to doing everything we can ââ¬â as fast as we can ââ¬â to restore consumer trust in Toyota, and these recalls are part of this effort,â⬠said Mr. Jim Lentz (Toyota USA website). Toyota President Akio Toyoda also outlined the companyââ¬â¢s plans for earning customer trust back, stating that: ââ¬Å"we are taking responsibility for our mistakes, learning from them and acting immediately to address the concerns of consumers and independent government regulatorsâ⬠(Toyota website). As BusinessWeek reported on Jan. 9, the company planned to break its silence, with an explanatory newspaper ad, as well as more tools such as the internet, social media, cable TV, etc. (Bush and Thomaselli, 2010). Special recall web pages were created in late January 2010 with latest recall and repairing information, along w ith posing some updated statements officially released by Toyota. Through various online or offline communicating tools, Toyota has attempt at highlighting its existing goodwill on, for instance, innovative technologies, excellent engineers, brilliant history, as well as its consistent social mission for making contribution to sustainable environment. In the American market, in order to solve quality problems involved in its cars, one area that Toyota has to focus on is how it manages its relationships with suppliers, which as outside firms play a big role in making engineering components for Toyota (Welch, 2010). There are reports pointing out that in recent years Toyota has been demanding that suppliers make parts more cheaply (ibid). Those accelerate pedals which had the potential sticking risk were mainly made by Toyotaââ¬â¢s major supplier CTS Corp. Toyota American organization addressed that they have been working closely with supplier CTS on a revised design that effectively remedies the problem associated with accelerator pedals. In addition, an independent North American Quality Advisory Panel consisting of external distinguished group of safety and quality experts has been formed to advise the companyââ¬â¢s North American affiliates on quality and safety issues. In retrieving customers, TMS in March 3rd 2010 announced plans to launch the companyââ¬â¢s most far-reaching sales promotion programs for American customers 12 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) includes 0% APR financing, low leasing rate, and complimentary two-year premium maintenance offers (Toyota USA Newsroom). Although Toyota has working on the crisis, the way they handling the crisis in United State seems not easy to go: they had to confront with three times testimonies in the American Congressional hearing; to pay $16. 4 million civil penalty imposed by NHTSA for accusing Toyota of a deliberate delay in recalling the vehicles by hiding its defects; and Toyota have been withstanding intense investigation from U. S. overnments and extensively keen-edged coverage from mass media. Dealing with the issues after a serious crisis is a long way to go before everything is back again. As Toyota stating, they are now ââ¬Å"working as one, and putting all their efforts into new initiatives aimed at rebuilding consumer trust and contributing to society through our products and services. â⬠(Toyota website). In sum, the following table shows the related events including five timesââ¬â¢ major recalls and other issues that lead to the escalating crisis involved in Toyota since August 2009: Table 1 ââ¬â Toyota crisis events Aug. 8th, 2009 A fatal crash of a Lexus car in USA due to the gas pedal was stuck was highly publicized that brought ââ¬Å"unintended accelerationâ⬠problems of Toyota cars to the light with increasing investigations by NHTSA in USA. Toyota attributed the problem in the Lexus to the incompatible floor mat, but their explanation couldnââ¬â¢t convince NHTSA and public in USA. Toyota issued a public safety advisory suggesting owners of specific model about the ill-fitting floor mat issues in North America. 1st large Recall for potential accelerator pedal entrapment problems (ill-fitting floor mat), U. S. market, 4. 2 million vehicles. nd 2 large Recall for sticking accelerator pedal problems, U. S. market, 2. 3 million vehicles covering 8 models. Toyota Temporarily suspends production and sales of selected vehicles in the U. S. market. rd 3 large Recall for potential accelerator pedal issues, European markets; 1. 8 million vehicles. Toyota began issuing apologies and breaking silence with response to the crisis under the tense pressures from public media and governments in America. Toyotaââ¬â¢s CEO Akio Toyoda made public apology for the recalls and nnounced global quality task force for focus on quality issues. th 4 Recall for antilock brake system (ABS) software problems on 2010 model-year Toyota Prius and Lesus HS 250, Japan and U. S. markets. th 5 Recall for inspecting the front drive shaft on 2010 model year Tacoma 4WD trucks, U. S. market. Three times testimonies to the Congressional Hearing in USA. Toyota agree to pay $16. 4 million civil penalty imposed by NHTSA in USA related to Toyotaââ¬â¢s recall for slow-to-return and sticky accelerator pedals, but Toyota denies NHTSAââ¬â¢s allegation that it violated the Safety Act or its implementing regulations. Source: Toyota Website (2010) Late of Sep. 2009 Sep. 29 , 2009 Nov. 25 , 2009 Jan. 21st, 2010 Jan,26 , 2010 Jan,29 , 2010 Late Jan. 2010 Feb. 5 , 2010 Feb. 09 , 2010 Feb. 12th, 2010 Late Feb. to Mar. 2010 Apr. 19, 2010 th th th th th th 13 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) Toyota Crisis in Sweden From the above information we could find that the serious impacts of the crisis on Toyota were mostly coming from the United State. To investigate the influence of the crisis in a more specific way, Halmstad market in Sweden is researched. The following sections present the primary data collecting from interviews with Toyotaââ¬â¢s dealer and car consumers in Halmstad city, showing what the Toyota crisis is perceived in Swedish market. Toyota Swedish Dealerââ¬â¢s Reflection Compared the strenuous troubles in USA, it is surprising to find that Toyota has a different situation in Swedish market. The crisis is not a really big deal that influence Toyota brand in Sweden. According to the sale executive in Toyota center in Halmstad of Swden, what recently happened in Toyota is ot a big issue since those quality problems never happen in Toyotaââ¬â¢s vehicles in Sweden. He insists that Toyota didnââ¬â¢t have real quality problems with its cars, all the recalls made by Toyota are voluntary for the purpose to reduce potential risks within the affected models as well as reassuring its customers; the recall is normal issues in car industry, there are no repairs in the recalled vehicles but just little modification to m ake the affected cars even better. Those negative coverage related to Toyota in USA are not consistent with what things really are within Toyota. ââ¬Å"When you became largest, the other competitors envy you and always want to put you down, this would happen in many biggest companies not only in Toyotaâ⬠, the dealer says. While the recall news were exposed negatively, they would tend to eliminate unnecessary anxieties among customers through clarifying what really happen in Toyota when the customers made calls. We explain to customers and assure them there are no such problems happen in Sweden; we never want to sell cars with brake problems or something defective; we are always concern about our consumer, concern about the safety quality of our cars. â⬠According to the interviewed sales executive in Toyota Center in Halmstad, they have a head office named Toyota Sweden AB in Stockholm, which is responsible for guiding and communicating with other dealers around Sweden, as well as in charge of the recall is sues in Sweden. Swedish dealers can get consultant advices from this head office. Accordingly, when Toyota officially released the recall announcements of affected vehicles involved in Sweden, Toyota Sweden AB in Stockholm is responsible for informing the Swedish owners of the affected cars with mail letters, by suggesting those consumers to contact their local dealer for arranging fix appointments. The interviewed sales executive states that they are satisfied with the interaction process with the head office in Stockholm; they are confident that Toyota is taking effective and professional measures in dealing with the problems. As for consumer complaints, he points out consumer complaints could always take place due to different daily indisposition in cars, regardless of the recalls issues happen or not. Since Toyota in Sweden didnââ¬â¢t have the similar issues as exposed in USA, the recall crisis do not have significant impact on the sales of the dealer. ââ¬Å"We donââ¬â¢t have the same problems, but it of course more or less influences our sales when bad things were reportedâ⬠, the interviewed sales executive says, ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢m not sure how much he effect occur, but in Sweden that [issues] havenââ¬â¢t affected [us] too much, because now we are selling the same numbers as we did a half of year ago, so I donââ¬â¢t think Toyotaââ¬â¢s situation is really bad in Sweden. â⬠14 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) Swedish Consumersââ¬â¢ Reflection Since the consumer respondents can be separated into two distinct groups ââ¬â the Toyota customers and other brandsââ¬â¢ consumers, it is interesting to compare their reflections to see how the both groupsââ¬â¢ consumers perceive differently on Toyota crisis as well as the brand. Some typical statements among the consumer respondents are showed in Table 2, which clearly reflects their cognitive and affective opinion toward Toyota crisis and the brand. The Toyota customers. The respondents within this group are mainly found in Toyotaââ¬â¢s store. Some of them have owned Toyota cars before, while the others are new customers who didnââ¬â¢t have Toyota cars but visit the dealership store with purchasing intentions. The Toyota customers as observed are mostly in the middle age and elderly people, who usually tend to drive the cars with relatively lower speeds within cities. Being less influenced by news coverage about the crisis, Toyota customers in Sweden are not as sensitive as American stakeholders perceive toward negative aspects of Toyota, such as quality problems, delayed handling crisis, etc. Being different from the affected American consumers, Toyota owners and new customers in Sweden do not exhibit much anxiety and panic by the recall events. Their attitudes toward the issues are mostly depended on their real past experiences with the brand or friendsââ¬â¢ word-of-mouth effects. Accordingly, customers in this group have showed relatively loyal attitude toward Toyota, as well as presenting strong affective bonds to the brand. Their opinions about the brand are kind of positive even though Toyota is undergoing the troublesome crisis. They tend to trust in Toyotaââ¬â¢s reputation, without perceiving the crisis as big as what has been reported in American mass media. Although with a little worry about potential safety problem, most of loyal consumers still think that Toyota cars are quality and energy saving with relatively good prices. Despite realizing that Toyota is getting some troubles with the massive recalls and involving serious problems in USA, they believe that Toyota will solve this out and make it better in the future. Still, when stepping into Toyota dealership store, these customers would be willing to buy Toyota cars according to their own interests and needs, regardless of recall events. The other brandsââ¬â¢ consumers. Compared with the above Toyota customers groups, the respondents within this group have shown relatively different opinions toward the crisis issues and Toyota brand. Since the respondents in this group are randomly selected in gasoline stations and parking places in Halmstad city, the backgrounds of the interviewees are mixed across a wide range of age, with different professions and interests. Therefore, their answers are various, depending on their background and the degree of awareness of the recall issues. Those who have little knowledge about Toyotaââ¬â¢s troublesome recalls show little interests in talking about the crisis. While, the others who know much about cars are more willing to share their knowledge, which help to increase the opportunity to gain more deepened insights about the case. Since the interviewed consumers of this group are using other brandsââ¬â¢ cars, most of them do not have direct experience in driving Toyota cars. Their knowledge about Toyota mainly depend on their awareness of Toyotaââ¬â¢s brand image, as well as making evaluation by instinctively comparing Toyota with the brands they are using. Furthermore, most of them admit the situation in Toyota is kind of troublesome in USA but not in Sweden. They think car recalls is normal in car industry, not only happen in Toyota. As for the buying intention, most of the respondents in this group reveal their 15 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) Table 2 ââ¬â Typical Statements of Swedish Vehicle Consumers Toyota customers (owners and new customers) ââ¬Å"I have a Yaris and it is reliable and economical. â⬠Other brandsââ¬â¢ consumers ââ¬Å"I think itââ¬â¢s a wide brand with high function. â⬠ââ¬Å"Itââ¬â¢s about fuel efficiency and fit for those who want an economical car, but if you enjoy fast driving, Toyota is not that kind. â⬠ââ¬Å"Toyota could be good in sustainable and innovative things, but since Iââ¬â¢m Swedish, I more prefer our national brands which also have very quality function and more suitable for my personality. ââ¬Å"I donââ¬â¢t think it is a bigger thing as media and newspaper reportâ⬠¦itââ¬â¢s serious of course what happen in USA, but it can happen in any cars and I donââ¬â¢t think itââ¬â¢s so important to quality safe. Maybe in USA I donââ¬â¢tââ¬â¢ know, but in Europe I donââ¬â¢t think so. â⬠ââ¬Å"Iââ¬â¢ m not sure how exactly Toyota is handling this, I didnââ¬â¢t read much about this, but I guess theyââ¬â¢ll solve this out with professional. â⬠ââ¬Å"[As being an engineer working in another automaker], I know too much [about cars]â⬠¦ I donââ¬â¢t think Toyota should take the full responsibility for the problem. It is always customer complaining accelerate pedal get to stuck, but maybe they press the accelerate pedal as the brake pedal, and they are so sure they didnââ¬â¢t [do wrong]! So itââ¬â¢s hard to handle those issues, and no one trusts the technical specialist from the car manufacturer thing. But I think Toyota should handle this earlier to be clearer to the customers and the governments. However, the picture we have is that Toyota have a long time trying to buy this down and just say we donââ¬â¢t have any problems, and now they have this huge crisis caused by this. ââ¬Å"Handling this serious now, keeping the public informed in time, then I think they may gain reputation again, but it takes time. â⬠ââ¬Å"They have lost some credits from safety point of view right now because of the crisis. In two years, they will recover, but right now, maybe they have lost sales. They had sales stops [in America] because the recalls. â⬠Prior brand Image Toyota Crisis Crisis ha ndling Post-crisis reputation ââ¬Å"Toyota is my favorite brand,â⬠¦we driving too much, me and my wife, we are saving for much gasoline, saving about 7 thousand SEK per year. â⬠ââ¬Å"Capability, good technology, good service, and you can go with very good quality. ââ¬Å"My friend who works with cars said it is a good car, and you can get a good car for nice money. â⬠ââ¬Å"We have two Toyota cars [which have been] running so many kilometers and just worked perfect. Thereââ¬â¢re not any such serious problems with my cars at all. I donââ¬â¢t think the problem is really so big, but maybe the news media is more so become reporting problems than reporting good things. â⬠ââ¬Å"[Iââ¬â¢ve heard that they have] the problems with the brake and the gas pedalâ⬠¦but I donââ¬â¢t think it is a serious problem, because the first I know it is a good brand for years. ââ¬Å"Actually I havenââ¬â¢t heard much about Toyota responseâ⬠¦ I do care about [qua lity], I see the news, but since I have good experience with Toyota, I still very trust in Toyota, they will be nice to recall the cars together and fix alright. â⬠ââ¬Å"I got the recall notification letter, the dealer told me there was nothing wrong with it and that is just a voluntary recall for small modification. But since I more care about safety problem, I think Toyota parent company needs to report honestly what has happen, to be more open to the public. Toyota has given me years of reliable service, and Iââ¬â¢ve always had respect for Toyota. I believe theyââ¬â¢ll be getting better in the future. â⬠ââ¬Å"Perhaps Toyota has some troubles right now due to such big recalls, but I hope Toyota gets this solved correctly and still retains their reputation. â⬠ââ¬Å"Toyota will definitely have my trust as long as they stay honest and avoid the same mistakes happening again. â⬠ââ¬Å"So far it has been good, I want to buy another one. â⬠ââ¬Å"T his is the first time we checking Toyota, if the price is suitable, I would consider to buy one. ââ¬Å"Because we drive mostly in the city, it is good to have a car that driven by electricity, not so much by gas. â⬠Buying intention ââ¬Å"It depends on the price, and what it can help to hold money many years a car if it is new or not or whatever and the guarantee as well. â⬠ââ¬Å"Buying a car is a big decision, Iââ¬â¢ll consider about price, service, insurance guarantee, quality, living place and other things as a whole, other than to be simply influenced by recall issues. â⬠Source: primary data collection from interviews with Swedish vehicle consumers 16 Hamlstad University Feng(2010) reference in the brands they are using, while pointing out that they would not be influenced so much by a recalled crisis, instead, what can really influence their buying intention depend on many factors as a whole, such as the price, the guarantee, the insurance, the design, br and personality, etc. Overall, the perceptions of the Swedish drivers toward the Toyota crisis are quite mixed, but one common thread is that the Swedish respondents do not think the Toyota has so many serious quality problems as what extensively reported in America. Toyotaââ¬â¢ crisis situation in Sweden is comparatively less serious. The Swedish consumers all believe that Toyota will recover in the future and regain its reputation. ANALYSIS The analysis will be made on a basis of combination with the pre-understanding of crisis management theory and the empirical data, by answering the three research questions respectively as follows: (1) What are the reasons that force Toyota coming to the troublesome crisis? Crises pose certain risks to an company ââ¬â potentially affecting critical aspects like reputation, image, brand equity, credibility, publicity, financial viability, legitimacy, community standing, etc. Smudde, 2001). In auto industry vehicle recalls happen all the time and everywhere. However, the Toyota massive recalls show a very different situation and involves more serious consequences. We have seen that almost 9 million of Toyota vehicles around the world had to be recalled within a few months, and the potentially defective quality involved were mainly focused on unintended acceleration problems, which were closely related to the most important thing for drivers ââ¬â safety driving. Itââ¬â¢s thus hard to believe that there was nothing wrong with Toyotaââ¬â¢s ââ¬Å"qualityâ⬠cars. The massive recalls were indeed a disaster for Toyota: not only means that they had to pay for the extensively financial losses due to repairing costs, market and stock share dropping down, production suspending, civil penalty, and other relevant expenses for dealing with the troublesome issues; but also it has heavily hit to Toyotaââ¬â¢s intangible assets ââ¬â its brand image and reputation of quality, which have been ethically shaped over time (Fill, 2006; Dolphin, 2004) and in turn influence the brand value (Wang, 2005). Although Swedish consumers do not blame Toyota itself that much for the crisis, by looking through the whole process it is obvious to find that the sequentially massive recalls were not just a couple of simple faults mechanically in the complicated machine; there should be something ignorant in the their management. Reputational troubles can come in many forms, from a wide variety of causes and from many pu How to cite Toyota Car Crisis, Essay examples Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-53753084887901353002019-12-07T06:54:00.001-08:002019-12-07T06:54:03.458-08:00Traditional Litigation and the Non-Traditional Alternative Dispute Resolution free essay sample There are many ways to handle a dispute. Many people chose to use the traditional litigation system, which are lawsuit being brought forth in the courts and some people choose alternative routes which may not always be involved in the court. The formal definition of traditional litigation is ââ¬Å"the process of bringing, maintaining, and defending a lawsuit. This is also called judicial dispute resolution because courts are used to decide the caseâ⬠(Cheeseman, 2010). Alternative Dispute Resolution is defined as ââ¬Å"methods of resolving disputes other than litigationâ⬠(Cheeseman, 2010). Alternative Dispute Resolution By far the most common form of ADR is arbitration, however other types of ADR exist such as negotiation, mediation, conciliation, mini-trial, fact-finding, and the use of a judicial referee. ââ¬Å"Negotiation is a procedure whereby the parties to a dispute engage in negotiations to try to reach a voluntary settlement of their disputeâ⬠(Cheeseman, 2010). Negotiations can go on for an extended amount of time to ensure that both parties are satisfied. We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Litigation and the Non-Traditional Alternative Dispute Resolution or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Mediation is another type of ADR in which all parties involved in the issue select and agreed to use neutral third party that assumes the role of an intermediary that between both parties. The sole purpose of this intermediary is to facilitate a settlement between the parties. If an accord is reached by the disputing parties, then a settlement agreement is written and executed by the parties. Conciliation is a method of ADR frequently used when the parties involve do not wish to face each other in a confrontational venue. In this method an interested party known as a conciliator assists the partyââ¬â¢s dispute to reach a settlement. The conciliator facilitates this process by the communicating offers and counter-offers of settlement between the two parties. Traditional Litigation System The traditional litigation system is where two parties (defendant and plaintiff) go forward in a court of law to solve a certain issue that they have with each other. In a traditional legal system the contents of the case publicity is not considered because adverse publicity is what is associated with litigation. The expenses in the traditional litigation system can become expensive and costly; this is the reason that some people chose Alternative Dispute Resolutions. Differences between Systems The two legal systems have some major differences. In the ADR system the resolution is usually less formal and less intimidating than in the traditional legal system. The resolutions are quicker and less expensive, the dispute is usually heard by an arbitrator or mediator and at the end of the ââ¬Å"trailâ⬠the respondents will receive an opinion which can be filed with the court to become binding and turned into a judgment. The traditional legal system or trials are usually a more formal and slower process. The trials are more expensive because of the length of the trials. Trials are often heard before a judge and the judgments are binding through the court systems. Conclusion A person has to choose to decide which of the legal systems work best for them. It is important for a claimant to compare and contrast the impact that either of the systems would have on their particular situation. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-21381919285228752512019-11-29T18:35:00.001-08:002019-11-29T18:35:03.463-08:00Homosexuality Nature vs Nurture.The Study of How Essays Homosexuality: Nature vs Nurture.The Study of How Biology and Society Influences Homosexual Identity DevelopmentThe concept of homosexuality is not a revolutionary one that it violates all cultural beliefs, gender and family roles, and societal values. The earliest documentation of homosexuality appeared in 600 B.C. in Asian cultures, and a few prominent historical figures such as Alexander The Great, Leonardo da Vinci, and Michelangelo were actually believed to be gay. In some cultures, homosexuals even hold a high status in society. For example, Native American tribes thought of homosexuals to be "spiritually gifted" and would look to them for spiritual advice and healing, indicating that it was a high honour to be gay in their community.However, homosexuality goes against many cultural beliefs, gender, and family roles that today's society values. As a direct result of going against social norms, homosexuals experience a lot of backlash that has led many to raise the question: Why do people continue to identify with being gay although they know the repercussions they may face in society? Is our sexuality a choice? Or are we born into our genders? Is our sexuality based on environmental factors or based on our own free will? The debate over the genesis of homosexuality has been ongoing for years and many argue that sexual orientation cannot be genetically hardwired. In this paper, I will be analyzing both aspects of the nature versus nurture debate in terms of the development of one's sexuality and will present research findings on the topic. I will be presenting evidence of biological influences, namely genetic and neurohormonal influences, on the development of homosexuality and will discuss the sociological view of socially influenced homosexuality. As the spectrum of research and studies conducted in this area is too wide, I will only be selecting a few points which I think are more interesting and relevant. I will also inject my own criticism of the theo ries and ideas discussed, evaluate the validity of the evidence, and apply sociological perspectives to the social elements. Theoretical OrientationI will be applying the symbolic interactionism theory to this topic and my research will be qualitative and on a micro-level and an international scale. Symbolic interactionism is relevant to my topic of discussion as it studies at the motivations behind one's sexual identity development.Symbolic interactionism is the sociological concept founded by Max Weber and it looks at how people attribute to, and construct meanings of their situations and behaviour. According to Weber, knowledge of cultural processes is only possible by understanding the meanings that the specific and shared reality holds for those involved. This includes the significance of subjective meaning and symbols in situations that are produced and represented. Blumer (1986) states that there are three tenets associated with symbolic interactionism. Firstly, people act to wards things based on the meanings it holds for them. For example, some people may view a tree as a sacred object while others see it as a particular botanical species or a source of lumber. Secondly, meanings of things are generated over time through human interaction. The significance of things are not individually determined or inherently linked to objects. Thirdly, meanings are modified during interaction through interpretive processes where an individual may change their initial interpretation of the situation. GENETIC INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HOMOSEXUALITYA study conducted by LeVay (1991) examined the interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus (INAH) in 19 gay men who had died from AIDS, 16 heterosexual men (six died from AIDS) and six heterosexual women (one died from AIDS). It was discovered that of all four sections of the INAH, only the third section was significantly larger in those with an attraction to women as compared to those with an attraction to men. H owever, the study neglected to include homosexual women and could not conclude if the size of the INAH-3 in a person is a cause or a consequence of sexual orientation. But it does provide evidence that there could be a biological reason why gay men and straight women are attracted to the same sex.Behavioural geneticists have also found that an identical twin of a homosexual has an approximate fifty percent chance of also being homosexual, while fraternal twins have approximately twenty Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-21681469511391613852019-11-25T19:31:00.001-08:002019-11-25T19:31:04.272-08:00An Online MBA Improves a Job Candidateââ¬â¢s Chances EssaysAn Online MBA Improves a Job Candidateââ¬â¢s Chances Essays An Online MBA Improves a Job Candidateââ¬â¢s Chances Essay An Online MBA Improves a Job Candidateââ¬â¢s Chances Essay Searching for a job is difficult enough without having a number of strikes against us. But when the competition is tough ââ¬â as it often is ââ¬â it helps to have as much on your side as possible, including experience, a strong track record of success, and a relevant education. In order to make themselves as marketable as possible, many people take the time to pursue an education beyond their four year college degree. An MBA especially can be extraordinarily appealing for an employer, as it shows dedication on the part of the prospective employee, and a commitment to staying on the cutting edge of business. Of course, for many people in this position, the pursuit of a traditional MBA may be logistically impossible. In terms of juggling a career, a family, and the myriad responsibilities associated with being an adult, earning another degree may fall significantly low on the priority list. But now, with the opportunities available through the Internet, adults can earn an online MBA without ever leaving their home. An online MBA is earned through the completion of coursework and reading on the computer; it is work that while certainly significant, can be completed at the leisure of the students rather than them rearranging their life to fit school. Better still, the result of an online MBA can be a significant edge on the competition in search of a job position. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-72951169368765098662019-11-22T02:55:00.001-08:002019-11-22T02:55:03.323-08:00Green Engineering Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 wordsGreen Engineering - Essay Example The Durst Organization developed and constructed the Four Times Square in New York between 19996 and 1999 (ââ¬Å"Wired New York Meetup Groupâ⬠1). There are 48 stories in the building, which makes it the newest, and the greenest skyscraper in Manhattan (ââ¬Å"U.S. Department of Energyâ⬠1). The building was the first green skyscraper in U.S, which continues to track its energy performance with Energy Star (ââ¬Å"The Durst Organizationâ⬠1). Overview of Four Times Square Notably, the building presents the application of two principles of Green Engineering. These include principle 1, which reckons that designers need to strive to ensure that all material and energy inputs and outputs are as inherently safe as possible (Anastas and Zimmerman 96). It also presents principle 3, which claims that separation and purification operations should adopt a design that would minimize energy consumption and materials use (Anastas and Zimmerman 96). The Four Times Square building e ntails 1.6 million square feet of environmentally friendly architectural design. Indeed, this was the first green skyscraper and the second tallest building in the U.S. ... Department of Energyâ⬠1). Upon completion, the Four Times Square reflected an environmentally responsible building where the designers examined the construction technology and all building systems for their impact on human health, environment sustainability, and energy reduction (Kaplan1). The evaluation made the building to be the first skyscraper to adopt state-of-the-art standards for energy conservation, indoor air quality, recycling systems, and the use of sustainable manufacturing processes (ââ¬Å"Wired New York Meetup Groupâ⬠1). The Four Times Square has environmentally efficient gas-fired absorption chillers and a state of the art curtain wall with excellent shading and insulating performance (ââ¬Å"Wired New York Meetup Groupâ⬠1). More so, the residents of the building are responsible of the building where the designers distributed a library of green information and environmental guidelines to the residents and the architects (Kaplan1). In addition, the t enants and their architects had substantial information on how to maximize the building as well as maintain the dream of the designers. Furthermore, the designers guaranteed lower operational costs upon the completion of the building. As such, we can establish that the Conde Nast Building adopts the principles of green engineering where it manifests quality and safe design as well as a promotion of the environmental, energy, and health factors. How the Four Times Square Works The Four Times Square adopts a low-energy design and renewable energy. The lighting at the building is very energy-efficient as it includes high performance fixtures with central controls. Notably, the designers used DOE-2 energy simulation modeling software to establish the most Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-90028130904369047292019-11-20T19:40:00.001-08:002019-11-20T19:40:05.473-08:00QD1 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 wordsQD1 - Essay Example The principal stakeholders within any business include the shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, executives, board of directors, and the community in essence. It is a fact that business governance is a multi-faceted subject which takes into consideration the roles of all these pertinent positions (Suppert 2007). A business governance model consists of a number of broad categories which might include auditing, board and management structure and process, corporate responsibility and compliance, ownership structure and exercise of control rights, and financial transparency and information disclosure. The business governance plan is therefore exclusive and is very elaborate in its own right. The business governance regimes are deemed as important because these outline the need for understanding how a business is governed and what steps are necessary to undertake so that the business can bring about a great of deal for all the relevant stakeholders and for its own existence in th e future. The business governance tangents are therefore treated with a great amount of respect because it embodies the basis of achieving strategic objectives and goals. The different components of a business governance plan aim to study the basics related with the business realms. What this means is the fact that businesses will grow and expand further if the different components within their folds are taken care of in an amicable fashion. More than anything else, there is a dire need to understand how business governance would tie up the different stakeholders with the internal publics of the organization. It would also aim to touch upon the significant grey areas which are present within the business, and which might bring some sort of problems in the coming times. One must be sure that the business governance regimes are geared to bring in long term profits more than anything else, and there should be serious efforts and undertakings to make sure that success is guaranteed at t he end of the day. There must not be any compromise on this pointer at all, as has been demonstrated through research and evidence of related study. The business governance plan is a comprehensive one because it lists down the advantages of realizing new business opportunities as well as highlights the shortfalls and how these come about in the first place. What is most important is to know how work domains are manifested within the real sense of the word, and what the organizations are doing to bring success within their realms. The business governance realms require that the communication is done in such a way that there are no loopholes and shortcomings within the length of the corporations and the government. What this suggests is the fact that the business governance matters must have a very set hierarchical setting in place so that any issues that might arise within the future are taken care of in an adequate way. The two-tier boards are usually not very appreciable since thes e give some of the directors the right to vote, while others being at the same level still, are disallowed from the voting quarters. Then again, unitary boards are better since these have a single line of command which means that the decisions are taken by people whilst knowing beforehand who is the head and Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-42476058998912005382019-11-18T21:40:00.001-08:002019-11-18T21:40:04.346-08:00Reflective Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 wordsReflective Analysis - Essay Example d, highlight and report similarities of results and methods of research that is done in a particular subject matter over the specified number of years. Following are the analyses of works which I have done in the recent years. Finally, this report is intended for my parents and will be used as a means of communicating my educational progress to them. The first assignment was written to highlight the development of electronic and digital means by which humans can now take notes. The work also noted the adverse influences of the abovementioned technological interventions as people are not being to write manually when they have to while they also fail to remember spellings and commit lots of grammatical mistakes and errors in punctuation. On the positive side, the fashion of digital noting helped the students in the learning process because they can accumulate obscene amount of information both effectively and efficiently (Wang, 2). The work also had quite a few grammatical errors of its own but I am trying to overcome my weaknesses in regard to grammar by writing on a more frequent basis. The second assignment was nothing new but a refined form of the first one in which I duly attempted to control and manage quality of the content whereas I also put significant level of effort in terms of studying the subject in more detailed manner. I added that digital note taking is better as it allows the audience to record information with less effort. And there is nothing wrong in adopting new sand improved methods of taking notes as conventional ones are going to become obsolete in a few years from now (Wang, 2). Finally, the work suggested all people to master both traditional and modern techniques of note taking (Wang, 3) so that they will become capable of doing that despite of having technological difficulties that may render their modern devices inoperable. This review and analytical paper was developed in order to put my thinking ability to test and I put my best Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-69063410916285366152019-11-16T10:12:00.001-08:002019-11-16T10:12:04.732-08:00Geometrical Optics And Its ApplicationsGeometrical Optics And Its Applications Optics is the cornerstone of photonics systems and applications. Geometrical optics, or ray optics, is to study the geometry of paths of lights and their imagery through optical systems. Light will be treated as a form of energy which travels in straight lines called rays. When light comes to be regarded as waves, it will be seen that shadows cast by objects are not as sharp as rectili (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson) (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010)near propagation suggests due to diffraction and interference effects of wave. Thus, there is a simple assumption for geometrical optics, which is rays of light propagate along straight lines until they get reflected, refracted, or absorbed at a surface. 2 Fermats Principle 2.1 Background Fermats Principle, also known as the principle of the shortest optical path, was introduced by Pierre de Fermat in the early seventeenth century. This principle is used to state and explain the motion of light ray through different media, which helps to demonstrate laws of reflection and refraction later on. 2.2 Theory The path of a light ray connecting two points is the one for which the time of transit, but not the length, is a minimum. The time, T , for a light ray through space to travel from a point A to another point B can be calculated as: It is known that is velocity, which can also be regarded as for light, where c is the speed of light and n is the refractive index of the medium. Thus, we have Then the path taken by light should be the path that minimizes this integral, which would be: Therefore, it is the fact that light will travel along paths of stationary optical path length, where the optical path length is a local maximum or minimum with respect to any small variation in the path. And many paths will take exactly the same time to travel from point A to point B. (Ariel Lipson,Stephen G. Lipson,Henry Lipson, 2010) 3. Reflection 3.1 Derivation for Law of Reflection In general, law of reflection states that when a light ray incident upon a reflective surface, it will be reflected with an reflective angle that exactly equal to the incident angle with respect to the normal of the surface. Law of reflection can be dervied from Fermats Principle. Assume that the medium of the light travel is homogeneous, we haveC:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã âà ªÃ ¥Ã¢â¬Ëà ½Ã ¥Ã à .png Total path length S from A to B is Based on Fermats Principle we know that light would travel the path with minimum time. As in homogeneous medium, light travels with a constant speed and therefore the minimum time path is equilvant to the minimum distance path, which can be obtained by taking the first derivative of S with respect to x. which is sinà £Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¥AOC = sin à £Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¥BOC Thus shows that à £Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¥AOC = à £Ã¢â¬Å¾Ã ¥BOC, the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection NB: It has to be reminded that the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 3.2 Specular and Diffuse Reflection In details, there are two types of reflection Specular reflection and diffuse reflection. http://titan.bloomfield.edu/facstaff/dnicolai/images/ImagesPhy106/lesson2.gif Specular or regular reflection is said to occur when parallel rays reflect from a high smooth and flat surface. For instance, a flashlight beam is said to have specular reflection as the reflective surface is mirror which is highly smooth and it, hence, makes the reflected beams travel towards the same direction in parallel as in (a). Most object, however, reflect light diffusely and the rays in an incident parallel beam are reflected in many direction as in (b) because of diffuse reflection. Diffuse reflection is due to the surface of the object not being perfectly smooth like a mirror. In fact, under microscopic scale, the surface of most of objects, if not all, is quite rough. Although at each point on the surface the law of reflection is observed, the angle of incidence and the angle of reflection varies from point to point. Each of the initially parallel rays, therefore, is reflected in a different direction. 3.3 Mirror Concepts and its Applications 3.3.1 Image Formation with Mirrors Mirrors, undoubtedly, are ubiquitous in daily, especially used in mirror and optical instruments for gathering light and forming images. Law of reflection can be applied to use in locating the reflected image graphically as long as the size, location and orientation of the object is known. 3.3.1.1 Images in Plane Mirrors Images with mirrors are formed when many non-parallel light beams are reflected from the mirror surface and converge to form a corresponding image point. Image formed by plane mirror is erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopreflection in mirror.png For a point object, in Fig 3.3.1.1a, rays from the object at O are reflected in all directions based on the laws of reflection so that they appear to come from a point I behind the mirror and this is where the observer imagines the image to be. For an extended object, in Fig 3.3.1.1b, the image of a point A on the object is at A, and two points are being equidistant from the mirror. Similarly, the image of point B is at B. The image size, therefore, is identical to the object seize, giving a magnification of unity. However, the right-hand side of the object becomes the left-hand side of the image and vice versa. The image is said to be laterally inverted.C:UsersGaryDesktopmirror extended object.png To conclude, a planar mirror is strictly stigmatic in nature Any incident rays issued from point A gives reflected rays passing through point B symmetrically to A with regard to the plane of the mirror. B, hence, is the image of A. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.1.2 Images in Curved Mirrors There are mainly two types of spherical mirrors, concave and convex. Similar to planar mirror, image can be traced using the law of reflection. Unlike image formed by planar mirror, which is always erect, virtual, same size as the object and laterally inverted, the image formed by a spherical mirror and its nature depend on the distance of the object from the mirror. To construct the image, we assume that small objects on the principal axes of mirrors of small aperture are being considered so that all rays are paraxial. Point images will, thus, be formed of points on the object. For concave mirrors, also known as converging mirrors because of their action on a parallel beam of light, is a mirror with a curved reflecting surface that bulges inward. The formation of image using concave mirror can be in different locations of the object can be concluded by the following figure. Concave Mirror The nature of image using concave mirror and its applications are summarized as below: Position of the object Position of the image Nature and size of the image Use At infinity At the focus Real, inverted and diminished As collector of radiation in solar heating devices Beyond the centre of curvature Between the focus and the centre of curvature Real, inverted and diminished At the centre of curvature At centre of curvature Real, inverted and same size as object As a reflecting mirror behind a projector lamp Between the focus and centre of curvature Beyond the centre of curvature Real, inverted and magnified In flood lights At focus At infinity Real, inverted and magnified As a reflecting mirror in car, head lights, search lights etc. Between the pole of the mirror and the focus Appears behind the mirror Virtual, erect and magnified As a shaving mirror or makeup mirror and dentists mirror (Katz, 2002) For convex mirrors, also known as diverging mirrors reflect the incoming parallel light beams to form divergent beams which appear to come from a point behind the mirror.Convex Mirror Unlike that in concave mirrors, the nature of image formed by convex mirror is always virtual, diminished and erect. (Katz, 2002) 3.3.2 Derivation of the mirror formula Mirror formula is useful when we have to calculate the image location. Using triangles 2 and 3, we have,http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/mimg232.gif While using trangles 2 and 4, we have, Where is the image distance, is the object distance, f is the focal length, is the image height and is the object height It should be noticed that the sign convention is to be used in mirror formula. A real object or image distance is positive while a virtual object or image distance is negative. Magnification of a mirror image, m, can also be calculated by 3.3.3 Mirror instruments 3.3.3.1 Catoptric Systems Catoptric Systems is the system that merely consists of mirrors for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) 3.3.3.1.1 Newtonian telescopehttp://bdaugherty.tripod.com/gcseAstronomy/images/newtonian.jpg Newtonian telescope is the first reflecting telescope invented by Isaac Newton in 1668. It consists of a concave primary mirror and a small flat diagonal secondary mirror. In a bid to have a stigmatic axial image, a concave mirror has to be applied to act as a primary mirror and it reflects light back up the scope axis to the secondary mirror which is titled at 45o to the axis. The secondary mirror, which is a small plane mirror, is placed in the path of beams reflected by the primary mirror in order to divert the rays to one side of the tube. The reason for choosing a small mirror to act as secondary mirror is to prevent the influx of light beams is blocked from reaching the primary mirror. Pros of the Newtonian telescope Cons of the Newtonian telescope Less expensive Reduction of light intensity due to the blockage of central flat plane Shorter focal ratio leads a wider field of view Easily suffer from coma (i.e. an off-axis aberration) Free of chromatic aberration Simpler fabrication (Kitchin, 2012) 3.3.3.1.2 Cassegrain Telescope http://www.vikdhillon.staff.shef.ac.uk/teaching/phy217/telescopes/cassegrain.gif Cassegrain Telescope is another type of reflecting telescope employing two principal mirrors, a concave parabolic primary mirror like the Newtonians, but its secondary one is a convex hyperboloidal mirror. It makes use of the special properties of parabolic and hyperbolic reflectors. A concave parabolic reflector will reflect all incoming light rays parallel to its axis of symmetry to a single point, the focus. A convex hyperbolic reflector has two foci and will reflect all light rays directed at one of its two foci towards its other focus. The mirrors in this type of telescope are designed and positioned so that they share one focus and so that the second focus of the hyperbolic mirror will be at the same point at which the image is to be observed, usually just outside the eyepiece. The parabolic mirror reflects parallel light rays entering the telescope to its focus, which is also the focus of the hyperbolic mirror. The hyperbolic mirror then reflects those light rays to its other focus, where the image is observed. (Waland, 1990) 3.3.3.1.3 Gregorian telescope http://s4.hubimg.com/u/7341531_f520.jpg Gregorian telescope employs concave parabolic mirror to act as both primary and secondary mirror in this reflecting telescope. The light that first enters the tube is reflected by the primary concave mirrors and directed towards the secondary mirror, which is also a concave mirror. It will reflect the rays out to the telescope through the hole in its center. Observer can therefore view the image formed on the eyepiece. (Trà ¼mper, 2010) 3.3.3.2 Catadioptric Systems Catadioptric system, on the other hand, is the system that consists of both mirrors and lenses for the formation of image. (Board, 2012) Catadioptric Systems will not be included in this paper. 3.4 Other Applications 3.4.1 Optical lever and light-beam galvanometers Galvanometer is an instrument that used to measure very small electric currents. Some sensitive galvanometers would use a beam of light in conjunction with a small mirror as a pointer. When there exists current flowing in the electric wire, a tiny mirror that is fixed to the part of the meter will rotate. And a light beam from a fixed lamp falls on the mirror and is reflected onto a translucent scale. For a given current, the longer the pointer (i.e. the reflected beam) the greater the deflection observed on the scale. This simply applies the reflective nature of light wave. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006)http://www.daviddarling.info/images/moving-coil_galvanometer.jpg 3.4.2 Red-eye effect The Red-eye effect is a common phenomenon in photography. It occurs when the photographic flash unit place closely to the camera lens. Normally, the rationale of photo-taking is that light from the flash unit enters the eye and is reflected back to the camera lens. Nevertheless, under dark environment, pupil diameter would increase due to contraction of radial muscle fibers and relaxation of circular muscle fibers of iris under autonomic nervous system and therefore more light beams can enter into the retina of the eye. And the reflected light from the retina is red because of largely blood vessels in Choroid. It, therefore, gives the Red-eye effect in photograph. 3.4.3 Headlight of Carhttp://1.bp.blogspot.com/-dtZnF3MgZVc/T4_Rn6nSbaI/AAAAAAAAAtw/tzoIpGW9oFU/s1600/infiniti+headlight.jpg It employs concave parabolic mirrors at the front of the car, which acts as reflectors in the head lights of cars, search lights etc. 3.4.4 Dentists Mirrorhttp://cdn7.fotosearch.com/bthumb/FSA/FSA132/x12292469.jpg Dentists Mirror applies reflection to reflect and focus light on the tooth so that dentists can be examined in detail. 3.4.5 Optical Comparatorhttp://www.worldoftest.com/img/products/qv300_1.jpg Optical Comparator is an instrument that projects a magnified image or profile of a part onto a screen for comparison to a standard overlay profile or scale based on the principles of optics. The comparator, basically, is a non-contact device, which frequently used to measure, test, inspect, gauge or examine parts for compliance with specifications. (A.M.Badadhe, 2006) 3.4.6 Security Convex Mirrorhttp://dgmglass.com/images/mirrors/security/mirror-s-3.jpg One of the distinguish feature of convex mirror is the widely view range. Therefore, convex mirror is applied to act as a security mirror in blind junctions of roads or at corners of walls of bug buildings. The person that is approaching from other side would be shown when the mirror is positioned properly. 3.4.7 Rear-view mirror in an automobilehttp://transport-futures.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/rear-view-mirror.jpg Knowing that the size of image of an object would be smaller when the object comes closer to the convex mirror, this unique feature can be applied to use on automobiles as rear view mirrors so that the diver can clearly view an approaching vehicle. 3.4.8 Submarines PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktopreflecting Periscope.png A periscope is a mirror instrument for observation from a concealed position. It works by employing two mirrors at 45o to each other, reflecting light rays from one place to another and finally out to the persons eye. 4 Refraction 4.1 Law of Refraction Qualitatively, when a light wave, which in fact composed of oscillating Electric fields and Magnetic field, crosses from a low optically density medium, say vacuum into a high optically density medium, say glass, E-Field and B-Fields are altered in terms of magnitude and direction of travel by the charges in the glass. Law of refraction, however, can be proved mathematically as follows: The first medium is supposed to be faster than the second medium and the speeds of propagation in 1st medium and 2nd medium are and respectively, where c is the speed of light in vacuum and n1, n2 à ¢Ã¢â¬ °Ã ¥ 1. C:UsersLenovoDropboxU life2012-13, year2, 1st semesterCCST 9042 The world of wavesSnellslaw_diagram2.png Then, we have to evaluate the time taken by light ray from P to Q, which is Based on Fermats Principle, light travels the path with the least time. Thus, in an attempt to minimize the transit time, we set the derivative of time is zero and we have: By trigonometry, we have As and, we have This is Law of refraction, also known as Snell-Descartes law. NB: Similar to law of reflection, the incident ray, the refracted ray and the normal are co-planar. (Philip D. Straffin, C. T. Benson, 1993) 4.2 Total internal reflection According to Snells law, when a light travels from one a medium with a higher optical density, to a medium with a lower optical density, say from glass to air, it will be refracted away from the normal (i.e. Ray C in Fig 4.2a) and a weak internally reflected ray is, meanwhile, formed (i.e. Ray B in Fig 4.2a) C:UsersGaryDesktopà ¦Ã âà ªÃ ¥Ã¢â¬Ëà ½Ã ¥Ã à 33.png Increasing the angle of incidence i increases the angle of refraction r, and at a certain angle of incidence c, called the critical angle, the reflected ray beam just emerges along the surface of the glass and the angle of refraction is 90o (i.e. Ray D in Fig 4.2b). In Fig 4.2 c, as the incident angle is increased continuously above critical angle (i.e. i > c), the refracted angle will be higher than 90o and sin r > 1, which is impossible and no refraction is possible. At this stage the internally reflected ray becomes bright and the refracted ray disappears. Hence, total internal reflection is now said to be occurring since all the incident light is reflected inside the optically denser medium. Mathematically, the critical angle can be found based on Snells law, which is Assume that n1 is refractive index of optically denser medium, n2 is refractive index of optically less dense medium, ÃŽà ¸1 is the critical angle of denser medium and ÃŽà ¸2 is the angle of refraction in less denser medium. All in all, for Total internal reflection to happen: Light must travel from denser medium to rarer medium. Angle of incidence should be greater than critical angle (i.e. i > c.) 4.3 Thin Lenses Thin lens is a lens that its axial thickness is small compared to the radii of curvature of its surfaces. (I.e. The thickness of the lens is negligible compared with the focal length of the lens) There are mainly two types of thin lenses, Converging thin lenses and Diverging thin lenses. Converging thin lenses, also known as convex lenses, direct parallel light rays bending toward one another after passing through them Diverging thin lenses, or so-called concave lenses, cause parallel light beams to spread as the leave the lens.http://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT6lXrPj04wfnztVlEvIlewlbzvIzhu_60Cup8oDYd840MY3w0SiOxnzxaVrQ 4.3.1 Image Formed by Thin Lenses 4.3.1.1 Convex Lens Ray DiagramFormation of Image by a Convex Lens Object is located between focus and lens The image is: Virtual Erect Magnifiedobject at F1 2. Object is located at focus The image is: Real Inverted Magnified 3. Object is located between focus and F2 The image is:object between F2 F1 Real Inverted Magnified 4. Object is located at F2object between O F2 The image is: Real Inverted Same size as the object 5. Object is located beyond F2object beyond F2 The image is: Real Inverted Diminished 6. Object is located at infinityobject infinity The image is: Real Inverted Highly diminished 4.3.1.2 Concave Lens Ray Diagram 1. Object is located between focus and mirrorconcave lens object F O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 2. Object is located between mirror and infinityconcave lens object infinity O The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 3. Object is located at infinityconcave lens object at infinity The image is: Erect Virtual Diminished 4.3.2 Derivation of the lens formula for thin lenses Gaussian lens formula, also known as lens formula, can be derived as follow: http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/university_physics_notes/optics/university_physics_notes_proof_of_thin_lens_equation_html_5c3e1e20.gif As, (1) Where O is the size of the object and I is the size of the image. Also, Thus, Combine with (1), we have NB: The Cartesian Sign Convention for thin lens formulas are as follow: Light travels initially from left to right toward the lens. Object distance p is positive for real objects located to the left of the lens and negative for virtual objects located to the right of the lens. Image distance q is positive for real images formed to the right of the lens and negative for virtual images formed to the left of the lens. The focal length f is positive for a converging lens, negative for a diverging lens. The radius of curvature r is positive for a convex surface, negative for a concave surface. Transverse distances are positive above the optical axis, negative below (Katz, 2002) 4.3.3 Power of a Lens The optical power of the lens is used to describe the bending ability of lens in term of power. Basically the power of a lens of focal length f is, Power, in the case, can be expressed in m-1as the unit of power is diopter 1 D = 1m-1 Therefore, if there exists a convex of power 1D, its focal length equals to 1 meter. 4.4 Optical instruments 4.4.1 Prismshttp://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif/330px-Light_dispersion_conceptual_waves.gif Optical prisms are components that commonly used in optical experimental arrangements and optical instruments, with the role of illustrating dispersion of light beams. Rather than showing the complicated mathematical proof such as derivation of minimum deviation, application of prism will be illustrated below. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.1 Prism BinocularsC:UsersGaryDesktopprism.png Prism Binoculars consist of a pair of refracting astronomical telescopes with two totally reflecting prisms (angles 90o, 45o, and 45o) between each objective and eyepiece. Prism A causes lateral inversion and prism B inverts verticallt so that the final image is the same way round and the same way up as the object. (Thorington, 2009) 4.4.1.2 PeriscopeC:UsersGaryDesktoppp.png Periscope, apart from using two reflecting mirror, employs two prisms. Under the occurring of total internal reflection on the hypotenuse, the incident rays and reflected rays are symmetric with regard to a plane orthogonal to the hypotenuse. In the case of normal incidence on one side of the right angle, the incident and reflected beams are orthogonal. 4.4.2 Magnifying Glasshttp://blog.timesunion.com/opinion/files/2011/02/0217_WVinternet.jpg Magnifying glass, also called Simple microscope, consist of a converging lens forming a virtual, upright, magnified image of an object placed inside its principal focus. For an object of height h is viewed at the near point by the unaided eye, the visual angle is, where D is the least distance of distinct visionhttp://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_m367c081d.gif Now the object is placed at distance u from the lens, the visual angle subtended by its image is given by http://www.astarmathsandphysics.com/ib_physics_notes/optics/ib_physics_notes_the_angular_magnification_of_a_magnifying_glass_when_the_image_is_formed_at_the_near_point_html_f9ca6a7.gif The angular magnification is, therefore, given by 4.4.3 Compound Microscope Compound Microscope is a kind of optical instrument that uses visible light and a lens system to magnify images of small samples. C:UsersGaryDesktopcompound micropound.png The lens L1 nearer to the object, called the objective, forms a real, magnified, inverted image I1 of an object O placed just outside its principal focus Fo. I1 is just inside the principal focus Fo of the second lens L2, called the eyepiece, which act as a magnifying glass and produces a magnified, virtual image I2 of I1. In normal adjustment, the final image I2 lies at the near point. Then the visual angle subtended by the final image to the eye is given by When the object of height h is placed at the near point and viewed unaided, the visual angle subtended by the object is given by Hence, the angular magnification is given by And since, the linear magnification is equal to the linear magnification of the objective x linear magnification of the eyepiece. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.4 Refracting Astronomical Telescope Refracting Astronomical Telescope consists of two converging lenses; one is an objective with long focal length and the other an eyepiece with short focal length. The objective L1 forms a real, diminished, inverted image I1, of a distant object at its principal focus Fo since the rays incident on L1 from a point on such an object can be assumed parallel. The eyepiece L2 acts as a magnifying glass and forms a magnified, virtual image of I1 and, when the telescope is in normal adjustment, this image is at infinity. I1 must, therefore, be at the principal focus F2 of L2, hence F0 and F2 coincide. http://images.tutorvista.com/content/optics/astronomical-telescope-magnifying-power.jpeg From the above figure, we find that The visual angle subtended by the object is given by and the visual angle subtended by the object is given by, where h is the image height. Therefore, the angular magnification is For telescope in normal adjustment, the separation of the two lenses is the sum of the focal lengths. And this, the foci of the objective lens and the eye-piece must be at the same place. (Giordano, 2011) 4.4.5 Galilean Telescopehttp://www.transtutors.com/userfiles/image/ARUN/IMAGES/Gal.JPG Galilean Telescope consists of two lenses a converging objective of large focal length and a diverging eyepiece of small focal length The angular magnification is 5. Conclusion In this term paper, the concepts of geometric optics are included comprehensively such as law of reflection, refraction, formation of images in mirrors and lens, etc. The notion of a light ray and the scientific study of light are involved in a bid to illustrating the working principle of different mirror and optical instruments, such as various telescope, efficiently. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-16224058487728544.post-32158587281424921372019-11-13T22:42:00.001-08:002019-11-13T22:42:02.172-08:00Tales of Ise and The Tosa Diary Essay -- Literary AnalysisAs seen in examples of monogatari such as Tales of Ise or nikki with The Tosa Diary, poetry is a very much used tool in the writings. While other examples of the two writing styles use poetry, these two examples best demonstrate the breaks in the writing style changes from a narrative and turns into something that takes on a more personal voice when it clearly goes into its poetic style. These poems are made to compliment the setting, such as in a poem credited to the former governor in The Tosa Diary where there is a description of the waves as they illustrate the governorââ¬â¢s sadness as he leaves Kyoto (83). Another point seen from this poem is that the governor is meant to be very good at constructing his poems and with it comes an example of a good poem as opposed to something that a commoner would have to write. Likewise, in the tenth of the Tales of Ise there are poems describing the love a man has for a woman while he is also comparing the physical setting, such as the mo untains. There are comparisons to Mt. Fuji and Mt. Utsu while they represent the waiting for his love or the beautiful vision that the man sees in his dreams with his love respectively (75-6). Such images of the scenery as seen alongside the desires or longing of those who write the poems are examples of how the poems are used to strengthen the narrative prose. Without the poems, the narrative prose in either the monogatari or the nikki would simply be a story and the significance would be lessened as there would not be the personal impact emanating from the characters and their feelings since a reader would only be able to read the description of the events and not get a feel of the thoughts from any of the characters. In the very deep illustrations of the... ...d to be a woman in the company of the boat. The significance lies in the possibility that with the different types of poetry in the narrative, the governor presents examples of the types of poems that should be written by different people coming from different classes. Looking back at the narratives and the significance of the poems in them is that many of the poems are inspired by nature around the authors. Also, the poems provide more of the voice of the authors instead of just the voice of the narrator and helps present the emotional tones of the characters in the narratives to the reader so that there can be more of a connection to it when it is being read. The poems make for a simple addition to the narrative and allows for a much more meaningful experience for a reader and makes for a much more engrossing story, thus adding to the to experience as a whole. Zhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/14197713573312440013noreply@blogger.com0